Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries.


Por: Fabian ID, Stacey AW, Foster A, Kivelä TT, Munier FL, Keren-Froim N, Gomel N, Cassoux N, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Harby LA, Zondervan M, Bascaran C, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Boubacar SA, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Aghaji AE, Portabella SA, Alfa Bio AI, Ali AM, Alia DB, All-Eriksson C, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atsiaya R, Balaguer J, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Popovic MB, Benmiloud S, Guebessi NB, Berete RC, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Blum S, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brichard BG, L MC, Castela G, Català-Mora J, Chantada G, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Cieslik K, Comsa C, Correa Llano MG, Csóka M, Da Gama IV, Davidson A, Potter P, Desjardins L, Dragomir MD, Bruyn MD, Kettani AE, Elbahi AM, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Ali Elhassan MM, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fasina O, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Gandiwa M, Aldana DG, Geel JA, Gizachew Z, Gregersen PA, Guedenon KM, Hadjistilianou T, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jenkinson H, Amani Kabesha TB, Kabore RL, Kalinaki A, Kapelushnik N, Kardava T, Kemilev PK, Kepak T, Khotenashvili Z, Klett A, Kosh Komba Palet JE, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Latinovic S, Lecuona K, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Lysytsia L, Maka E, Makan M, Manda C, Begue NM, Matende IO, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, Mengesha AA, Midena E, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Moll AC, Moreira C, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Muma KI, Murgoi G, Musa KO, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Neroev V, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oscar AH, Osei-Bonsu P, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Peric S, Philbert R, Pochop P, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Raobela L, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Saakyan S, Said AM, Román Pacheco SS, Scanlan TA, Schoeman J, Seregard S, Sherief ST, Cheikh SS, Silva S, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stathopoulos C, Kranjc BS, Stones DK, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tandili A, Tateshi B, Theophile T, Traoré F, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Valeina S, Hoefen Wijsard MV, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Viksnins M, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali Nigeria AH, Wime AD, Dod CW, Yanga JM, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Zein E, Sharabi S, Zhilyaeva K, Ziko OA and Bowman R

Publicada: 1 oct 2021 Ahead of Print: 15 sep 2020
Resumen:
BACKGROUND: The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 40 European countries and 1024 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 43 African countries. RESULTS: Capture rate was 42.2% of expected patients from Africa and 108.8% from Europe. African patients were older (95% CI -12.4 to -5.4, p<0.001), had fewer cases of familial retinoblastoma (95% CI 2.0 to 5.3, p<0.001) and presented with more advanced disease (95% CI 6.0 to 9.8, p<0.001); 43.4% and 15.4% of Africans had extraocular retinoblastoma and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 1.0% of the Europeans. To reach a retinoblastoma centre, European patients travelled 421.8 km compared to Africans who travelled 185.7 km (p<0.001). On regression analysis, lower-national income level, African residence and older age (p<0.001), but not travel distance (p=0.19), were risk factors for advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half the expected number of patients with retinoblastoma presented to African referral centres in 2017, suggesting poor awareness or other barriers to access. Despite the relatively shorter distance travelled by African patients, they presented with later-stage disease. Health education about retinoblastoma is needed for carers and health workers in Africa in order to increase capture rate and promote early referral.

Filiaciones:
Fabian ID:
 International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

 The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Stacey AW:
 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US

Kivelä TT:
 Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

Munier FL:
 Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Keren-Froim N:
 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Gomel N:
 Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Cassoux N:
 Institut curie, université de Paris medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, France

Sagoo MS:
 NIHR Biomedical Research Center for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, London, UK

Reddy MA:
 The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Harby LA:
 The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Abdallah E:
 Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Abdullahi SU:
 Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Boubacar SA:
 National Hospital of Niamey, Niamey, Niger

Ademola-Popoola DS:
 University of Ilorin and University of IlorinTeaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Adio A:
 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Aghaji AE:
 Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria

Portabella SA:
 Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Alfa Bio AI:
 University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin

Ali AM:
 Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Alia DB:
 University Hospital Center 'Mother Theresa', Tirana, Albania

All-Eriksson C:
 St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden

Almeida AA:
 Beira Central Hospital, Beira, Mozambique

Alsawidi KM:
 Tripoli Eye Hospital, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya

Antonino R:
 Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy

Atsiaya R:
 Light House For Christ Eye Center, Mombasa, Kenya

Balaguer J:
 Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain

Balwierz W:
 Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Childrens University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland

Barranco H:
 Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain

Popovic MB:
 Unit of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland

Benmiloud S:
 Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco

Guebessi NB:
 Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco

Berete RC:
 Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'ivoire

Biddulph SJ:
 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Biewald EM:
 University Hospital Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Blum S:
 The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Bobrova N:
 The Filatov Institute of Eye diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine

Boehme M:
 University Hospital Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Bornfeld N:
 University Hospital Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Bouda GC:
 Center Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Bouguila H:
 Institut Hédi-Raïs d'Ophtalmologie de Tunis, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

Boumedane A:
 Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria

Brichard BG:
 Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium

L MC:
 Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Castela G:
 Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Català-Mora J:
 Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

Chantada G:
 Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

Chernodrinska VS:
 Eye Clinic, University Hospital 'Alexandrovska', Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Chiwanga FS:
 Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Cieslik K:
 Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Comsa C:
 Oncology Institute 'Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu' Bucharest, Romania

:
 Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

Csóka M:
 Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

Da Gama IV:
 Quelimane Central Hospital, Quelimane, Mozambique

Davidson A:
 Red Cross Children's War Memorial Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Potter P:
 Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussel, Belgium

Desjardins L:
 Institut Curie, Paris, France

Dragomir MD:
 Oncology Institute 'Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu' Bucharest, Romania

Bruyn MD:
 University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Kettani AE:
 Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco

Elbahi AM:
 Tripoli Eye Hospital, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya

Elgalaly D:
 Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt

Elhaddad AM:
 Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt

Ali Elhassan MM:
 Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan

Elzembely MM:
 Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Essuman VA:
 Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

Evina TGA:
 Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon

Fasina O:
 Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital/University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Fernández-Teijeiro A:
 Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain

Gandiwa M:
 Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi

Aldana DG:
 Servicio Andaluz de Salud (SAS), Sevilla, Spain

Geel JA:
 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

 Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa

Gizachew Z:
 Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Gregersen PA:
 Department of Clinical Genetics, and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hopspital, Aarhus, Denmark

Guedenon KM:
 Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Hadjistilianou T:
 Retinoblastoma referral center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Hassan S:
 Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Hederova S:
 University Childrens' Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia

Hessissen L:
 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department of Rabat - Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Hordofa DF:
 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia

Hummlen M:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Husakova K:
 University Childrens' Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia

Ida R:
 Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy

Ilic VR:
 Institute for Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia

Jenkinson H:
 Birmingham Children's Hospital Eye Department, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Amani Kabesha TB:
 Bukavu Eye Clinic - Bukavu Official University, Bukavu, DRC

Kabore RL:
 Center Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Kalinaki A:
 Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Kamplala, Uganda

Kapelushnik N:
 The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Kardava T:
 Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia

Kemilev PK:
 Eye Clinic, University Hospital 'Alexandrovska', Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Kepak T:
 University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University and ICRC/St. Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic

Khotenashvili Z:
 Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia

Klett A:
 East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia

Kosh Komba Palet JE:
 Oncologue Pédiatre Responsable d'Unité de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic

Krivaitiene D:
 Chidren's Ophthalmology Department, Chidren's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania

Kruger M:
 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Kyara A:
 Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Lachmann ES:
 University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

Latinovic S:
 Clinical Center Of Vojvodina - University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar - Latinovic, Novi Sad, Serbia

Lecuona K:
 Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Lukamba RM:
 University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DRC

Lumbroso L:
 Institut Curie, Paris, France

Lysytsia L:
 The Okhmatdyt National Children's Hospital, Kiev, Ukraine

Maka E:
 Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

Makan M:
 Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe

Manda C:
 Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi

Begue NM:
 Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Matende IO:
 Light House For Christ Eye Center, Mombasa, Kenya

Matua M:
 Ruharo Eye Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda

Mayet I:
 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Mbumba FB:
 Botswana Government - Scottish Livingstone Hospital, Molepolole, Botswana

Mengesha AA:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Midena E:
 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Mndeme FG:
 Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania

Mohamedani AA:
 Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan

Moll AC:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Moreira C:
 Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique de l'Hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal

Msina MS:
 Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania

Msukwa G:
 Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi

Muma KI:
 Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia

Murgoi G:
 Oncology Institute 'Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu' Bucharest, Romania

Musa KO:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital/College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

Mustak H:
 Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Muyen OM:
 Abii Specialists Hospital, Bamenda, Cameroon

Naidu G:
 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Naumenko L:
 N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Ndoye Roth PA:
 Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar, Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal

Neroev V:
 Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia

Nikitovic M:
 Institute for Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia

Nkanga ED:
 Calabar Children's Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar Cross River State, Nigeria

Nkumbe H:
 Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon

Nyaywa M:
 Arthur Davison Children's Hospital, Ndola, Zambia

Obono-Obiang G:
 CHU Angondje Cancerologie, Libreville, Gabon

Oguego NC:
 Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria

Olechowski A:
 Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Oscar AH:
 Eye Clinic, University Hospital 'Alexandrovska', Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Osei-Bonsu P:
 Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana

Painter SL:
 Birmingham Children's Hospital Eye Department, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Paintsil V:
 Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana

Paiva L:
 National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola

Papyan R:
 Yerevan State Medical University, Department of Oncology and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R.H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia

Parrozzani R:
 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

Parulekar M:
 Birmingham Children's Hospital Eye Department, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Pawinska-Wasikowska K:
 Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Childrens University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland

Peric S:
 University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Philbert R:
 Center Hospitaliere Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi

Pochop P:
 Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

Polyakov VG:
 Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology of N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation

 Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia

Pompe MT:
 Univ. Medical Center Ljubljana, Univ.Eye Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Pons JJ:
 Good Shepherd Hospital, Siteki, Swaziland

Raobela L:
 Center Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Renner LA:
 University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana

Reynders D:
 University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Ribadu D:
 Federal Medical Center, Yola, Nigeria

Riheia MM:
 Nampula Central Hospital, Nampula, Mozambique

Ritter-Sovinz P:
 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Saakyan S:
 Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia

Said AM:
 Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Román Pacheco SS:
 Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infantil La Paz, Madrid, Spain

Scanlan TA:
 Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Schoeman J:
 University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Seregard S:
 St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholn, Sweden

Sherief ST:
 Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cheikh SS:
 Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania

Silva S:
 Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Sorochynska T:
 The Filatov Institute of Eye diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine

Ssali G:
 Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kamplala, Uganda

Stathopoulos C:
 Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Kranjc BS:
 Univ. Medical Center Ljubljana, Univ.Eye Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Stones DK:
 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free Sate, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Svojgr K:
 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

Sylla F:
 Africa Institute of Tropical Ophtalmology, Bamako, Mali

Tamamyan G:
 Yerevan State Medical University, Department of Oncology and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R.H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia

Tandili A:
 University Hospital Center 'Mother Theresa', Tirana, Albania

Tateshi B:
 University Eye Clinic, Skopje, Macedonia

Theophile T:
 Kabgayi Eye Unit, Gitarama, Rwanda

Traoré F:
 Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali

Tyau-Tyau H:
 Université Adam Barka, Adam Barka, Chad

Umar AB:
 Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Urbak SF:
 Department of ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

Ushakova TL:
 Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology of N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation

 Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia

Valeina S:
 Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

Hoefen Wijsard MV:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Veleva-Krasteva NV:
 Eye Clinic, University Hospital 'Alexandrovska', Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

Viksnins M:
 Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

Wackernagel W:
 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria

Waddell K:
 Ruharo Eye Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda

Wade PD:
 Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

Wali Nigeria AH:
 National Eye Center Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria

Wime AD:
 National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola

Dod CW:
 Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

Yanga JM:
 Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DRC

Yarovaya VA:
 S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia

Yarovoy AA:
 S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia

Zein E:
 Assistante Hospitalo - Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania

Sharabi S:
 Radiology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Zhilyaeva K:
 N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Center of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Ziko OA:
 Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Bowman R:
 Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, London, UK
ISSN: 00071161





BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
Editorial
BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND, Reino Unido
Tipo de documento: Article
Volumen: 105 Número: 10
Páginas: 1435-1443
WOS Id: 000702446300022
ID de PubMed: 32933936
imagen Green Submitted, Green Published

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