Global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by continents and national income: a meta-analysis.
Por:
Ghayda RA, Lee KH, Han YJ, Ryu S, Hong SH, Yoon S, Jeong GH, Yang JW, Lee HJ, Lee J, Lee JY, Effenberger M, Eisenhut M, Kronbichler A, Solmi M, Li H, Jacob L., Koyanagi A, Radua J, Park MB, Aghayeva S, Ahmed MLCB, Serouri AA, Al-Shamsi HO, Amir-Behghadami M, Baatarkhuu O, Bashour H, Bondarenko A, Camacho-Ortiz A, Castro F, Cox H, Davtyan H, Douglas K, Dragioti E, Ebrahim S, Ferioli M, Harapan H, Mallah SI, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jankovic S, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kebede Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Males VK, Kotfis K, Lakoh S, Ling L, Llibre-Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Mamun M, Masic I, Van Minh H, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, Ñamendys-Silva SA, Yongsi BN, Nielsen HB, Nodjikouambaye ZA, Ohnmar O, Oksanen A, Owopetu O, Parperis K, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Rosa S, Sah R, Sallam D, Schober P, Singhal T, Tafaj S, Torres I, Smith Torres-Roman J, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Tuychiev L, Vukcevic B, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu RH, Yang L, Zaidi Z, Smith L and Shin JI
Publicada:
1 jun 2022
Ahead of Print:
31 ene 2022
Resumen:
The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19's CFR by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. Based on the data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR were estimated based on the different geographical regions and level of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors and the mitigatory efforts of individuals countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Filiaciones:
Ghayda RA:
Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Lee KH:
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Han YJ:
Hospital medicine center, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
Ryu S:
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hong SH:
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Yoon S:
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Jeong GH:
College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
Yang JW:
Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
Lee HJ:
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Lee J:
Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
Lee JY:
Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
Effenberger M:
Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Eisenhut M:
Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
Kronbichler A:
Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Solmi M:
Neurosciences Department, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Padua Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy
Li H:
University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
Jacob L.:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180, Versailles, France
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
Koyanagi A:
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
Radua J:
Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden
Park MB:
Department of Gerontology Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Aghayeva S:
Department of Gastroenterology, Azerbaijan Medical University School of Medicine, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ahmed MLCB:
Research Unit in Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Serouri AA:
Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, Yemen
Al-Shamsi HO:
Department of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Emirates Oncology Society, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Amir-Behghadami M:
Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM), School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Student Research Committee (SRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Baatarkhuu O:
School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Bashour H:
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
Bondarenko A:
Shupyk National Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
Camacho-Ortiz A:
Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
Castro F:
Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
Cox H:
Ministry of Public Health, Georgetown, Guyana
Davtyan H:
Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center NGO, Yerevan, Armenia
Douglas K:
Centre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael, BB11000, Barbados
Dragioti E:
Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
Ebrahim S:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali
Ferioli M:
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Harapan H:
Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Mallah SI:
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
Ikram A:
National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
Inoue S:
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
Jankovic S:
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Jayarajah U:
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Jesenak M:
Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
Kakodkar P:
School of Medicine, National University of Galway Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Kebede Y:
Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Kifle M:
Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Koh D:
Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Males VK:
Clinical Hospital Centre Split, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease in Split, Šoltanska 1, School of Medicine Split, Split, Croatia
Kotfis K:
Department Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Lakoh S:
College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Ling L:
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
Llibre-Guerra J:
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Machida M:
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
Makurumidze R:
Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Zimbabwe
Mamun M:
Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Masic I:
Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Van Minh H:
Center for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Moiseev S:
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
Nadasdy T:
Department of Dermatology, "St. Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania
Nahshon C:
Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Ñamendys-Silva SA:
Instituto Nacional de Cancerología & Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
Yongsi BN:
Institute for Training & Research in Population Studies (IFORD), The University of Yaoundé II, Soa, Cameroon
Nielsen HB:
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Denmark
Nodjikouambaye ZA:
Mobile Laboratory for Hemorrhagic and Respiratory Viruses in Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad
Ohnmar O:
Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Yangon, Myanmar
Oksanen A:
Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
Owopetu O:
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Parperis K:
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
Perez GE:
Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pongpirul K:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Rademaker M:
Waikato Clinical School, Auckland University Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand
Rosa S:
Universidade Federal Fluminense Universidade Federal Fluminense Brazil Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sah R:
National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
Sallam D:
Faculty of medicine, Ain Shams university, Cairo, Egypt
Schober P:
Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Singhal T:
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
Tafaj S:
University Hospital Shefqet Ndroqi, Tirana, Albania
Torres I:
Fundación Octaedro, Quito, Ecuador
Smith Torres-Roman J:
Conevid, Unidad de Conocimiento y Evidencia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
Tsartsalis D:
Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokratio Hospital, Athens, Greece
Tsolmon J:
Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Tuychiev L:
The Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Vukcevic B:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Wanghi G:
Unit of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, DR, Congo
Wollina U:
Dept. Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Xu RH:
Institute of Translational Medicine, and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
Yang L:
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Zaidi Z:
University Ferhat Abbas, Faculty of Medicine, Setif, Algeria
Smith L:
The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
Shin JI:
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Green Accepted, Green Published
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