Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Por:
Steinmetz, Jaimie D., Bourne, Rupert R. A., Briant, Paul Svitil, Flaxman, Seth, Taylor, Hugh R., Jonas, Jost B., Abdoli, Amir, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Adal, Tadele Girum, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Alemayehu, Wondu, Alemzadeh, Sayyed Amirpooya, Alfaar, Ahmed Samir, Alipour, Vahid, Androudi, Sofia, Arabloo, Jalal, Arditi, Aries, Aregawi, Brhane Berhe, Arrigo, Alessandro, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Ashrafi, Elham, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Bagli, Eleni, Baig, Atif Amin, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Parodi, Maurizio Battaglia, Beheshti, Mahya, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bottone, Michele, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Bron, Alain M., Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Butt, Zahid A., dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Carneiro, Vera L. A., Casson, Robert James, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Coelho, Joao M., Congdon, Nathan G., Couto, Rosa A. S., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Dai, Xiaochen, Dana, Reza, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Del Monte, Monte A., Molla, Meseret Derbew, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Deva, Jenny P., Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Ehrlich, Joshua R., Elayedath, Rajesh, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, Ellwein, Leon B., Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Arthur G., Fischer, Florian, Friedman, David S., Furtado, Joao M., Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gazzard, Gus, Gebremichael, Berhe, George, Ronnie, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gilani, Syed Amir, Golechha, Mahaveer, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R., Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hay, I, Simon, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Ho, Hung Chak, Holla, Ramesh, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, John J., Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Ingram, April D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Jayaram, Shubha, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kahloun, Rim, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kavetskyy, Taras, Kayode, Gbenga A., Kempen, John H., Khairallah, Moncef, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khanna, Rohit C., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Judy E., Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kurmi, Om P., Landires, Ivan, Lansingh, Van Charles, Leasher, Janet L., LeGrand, Kate E., Leveziel, Nicolas, Limburg, Hans, Liu, Xuefeng, Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava, Maleki, Shokofeh, Manafi, Navid, Mansouri, Kaweh, McAlinden, Colm, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Mersha, Abera M., Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mokdad, Ali H., Moni, Mohammad Ali, Al Montasir, Ahmed, Morse, Alan R., Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw, Naderi, Mehdi, Naderifar, Homa, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Naveed, Muhammad, Negash, Hadush, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ogundimu, Kolawole, Olagunju, Andrew T., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Otstavnov, Nikita, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Pakshir, Keyvan, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pasovic, Maja, Pawar, Shrikant, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peto, Tunde, Pham, Hai Quang, Pinheiro, Marina, Podder, Vivek, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Ramulu, Pradeep Y., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Reinig, Nickolas, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezapour, Aziz, Robin, Alan L., Rossetti, Luca, Sabour, Siamak, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samy, Abdallah M., Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Saylan, Mete, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shen, Tueng T., Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Silva, Juan Carlos, Silvester, Alexander, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singhal, Deepika, Sitorus, Rita S., Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soheili, Amin, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Sousa, Raul A. R. C., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stambolian, Dwight, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tahhan, Nina, Tareque, Md Ismail, Topouzis, Fotis, Bach Xuan Tran, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K., Varma, Rohit, Virgili, Gianni, Vongpradith, Avina, Vu, Giang Thu, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ningli, Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay, West, Sheila K., Wondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu, Wong, Tien Y., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zimsen, Stephanie R. M., Resnikoff, Serge and Vos, Theo
Publicada:
1 feb 2021
Ahead of Print:
1 ene 2021
Categoría:
Medicine (miscellaneous)
Resumen:
Background Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated.
With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services
are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of
avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990
to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly
Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010
to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and
undercorrected refractive error.
Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based
surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted
hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty
intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI;
presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or
less than 10 degrees visual field around central fixation) by cause,
age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our
analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older.
Findings Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and
blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010
and 2019 (percentage change -0.2% [95% UI -1.5 to 1.0]; 2019
prevalence 9.58 cases per 1000 people [9s% IU 8.51 to 10.8], 2010
prevalence 96.0 cases per 1000 people [86.0 to 107-0]).
Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by -15.4%
[-16.8 to -14.3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0.5% [-0.8
to 1.6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable
blindness (10.8% [8.9 to 12.4]) and MSVI (31.5% [30.0 to 33.1]).
The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older
in 2020 were cataract (15.2 million cases [9% IU 12.7-18.0]),
followed by glaucoma (3.6 million cases [2-8-4.4]), undercorrected
refractive error (2.3 million cases [1.8-2.8]), age-related macular
degeneration (1.8 million cases [1.3-2.4]), and diabetic retinopathy
(0.86 million cases [0.59-1.23]). Leading causes of MSVI were
undercorrected refractive error (86.1 million cases [74.2-101.0]) and
cataract (78.8 million cases [67.2-91.4]).
Interpretation Results suggest eye care services contributed to the
observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but
not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not
reached. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Steinmetz, Jaimie D.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Bourne, Rupert R. A.:
Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vis & Eye Res Inst, Cambridge CB1 1PT, England
Briant, Paul Svitil:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
Flaxman, Seth:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Math, London, England
Taylor, Hugh R.:
Univ Melbourne, Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Carlton, Vic, Australia
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Heidelberg, Germany
Abdoli, Amir:
Jahrom Univ Med Sci, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Jahrom, Iran
Abrha, Woldu Aberhe:
Aksum Univ, Dept Adult Hlth Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia
Abualhasan, Ahmed:
Cairo Univ, Dept Neurol, Cairo, Egypt
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman:
Univ Sharjah, Dept Clin Sci, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates
Adal, Tadele Girum:
Wolkite Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Afshin, Ashkan:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
Ahmadieh, Hamid:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Tehran, Iran
Alemayehu, Wondu:
Berhan Publ Hlth & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Alemzadeh, Sayyed Amirpooya:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Eye Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Alfaar, Ahmed Samir:
Univ Leipzig Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Leipzig, Germany
Charite Med Univ Berlin, Dept Ophthalmol, Berlin, Germany
Alipour, Vahid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Econ Dept, Tehran, Iran
Androudi, Sofia:
Univ Thessaly, Dept Med, Volos, Greece
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Arditi, Aries:
Visibil Metr LLC, Dept Res, Chappaqua, NY USA
Aregawi, Brhane Berhe:
Adigrat Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Arrigo, Alessandro:
Osped San Raffaele, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Ashbaugh, Charlie:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Ashrafi, Elham:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Translat Ophthalmol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Atnafu, Desta Debalkie:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Hlth Syst & Hlth Econ, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Bagli, Eleni:
Univ Hosp Ioannina, Dept Ophthalmol, Ioannina, Greece
Fdn Res & Technol, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Ioannina, Greece
Baig, Atif Amin:
Sultan Zainal Abidin Univ, Unit Biochem, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Barnighausen, Till Winfried:
Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH, Heidelberg, Germany
Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Beheshti, Mahya:
NYU, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, New York, NY USA
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth:
Charles Univ Prague, Dept Social & Clin Pharm, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
United Arab Emirates Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates
Bhardwaj, Nikha:
Govt Med Coll Pali, Dept Anat, Pali, India
Bhardwaj, Pankaj:
All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Community Med & Family Med, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
All India Inst Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
Bijani, Ali:
Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol, Iran
Bikbov, Mukharram:
Ufa Eye Res Inst, Epidemiol Dept, Ufa, Russia
Braithwaite, Tasanee:
Middlesex Univ London, Dept Comp Sci, London, England
Moorfields Eye Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Ophthalmol Dept, London, England
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Int Ctr Eye Hlth, London, England
Bron, Alain M.:
Univ Hosp Dijon, Dept Ophthalmol, Dijon, France
Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, Eye & Nutr Res Grp, Dijon, France
Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina:
Employee State Insurance Post Grad Inst Med Sci &, Dept Community Med, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Butt, Zahid A.:
Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano:
Fed Polytech Sch Lausanne, Inst Microengn, Lausanne, Switzerland
Carneiro, Vera L. A.:
Univ Minho, Sch Sci, Braga, Portugal
Casson, Robert James:
Univ Adelaide, Dept Ophthalmol, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Univ Porto, Dept Chem, Porto, Portugal
Cheng, Ching-Yu:
Singapore Eye Res Inst, Ocular Epidemiol Res Grp, Singapore, Singapore
Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Acad Clin Program, Singapore, Singapore
Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine:
Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Biomed Informat, Seoul, South Korea
Chu, Dinh-Toi:
Hanoi Natl Univ Educ, Fac Biol, Hanoi, Vietnam
Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria:
Ist Sci San Raffaele, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Coelho, Joao M.:
Univ Porto, Univ Hosp Ctr Porto, Porto, Portugal
Congdon, Nathan G.:
Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland
Orbis Int, New York, NY USA
Couto, Rosa A. S.:
Univ Porto, Dept Chem Sci, Porto, Portugal
Cromwell, Elizabeth A.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
Dahlawi, Saad M. A.:
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Environm Hlth Dept, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Dai, Xiaochen:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Dana, Reza:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Dandona, Lalit:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India
Dandona, Rakhi:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Del Monte, Monte A.:
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Molla, Meseret Derbew:
Univ Gondar, Dept Biochem, Gondar, Ethiopia
Dervenis, Nikolaos:
Royal Liverpool Univ Hosp, St Pauls Eye Unit, Liverpool, Merseyside, England
Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Ophthalmol, Thessaloniki, Greece
Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu:
Fred Hollows Fdn, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Univ Gondar, Dept Surg Nursing, Gondar, Ethiopia
Deva, Jenny P.:
Univ Tunku Abdul Rahman, Dept Ophthalmol, Kajang, Malaysia
Diaz, Daniel:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Djalalinia, Shirin:
Autonomous Univ Sinaloa, Fac Vet Med & Zootech, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
Ehrlich, Joshua R.:
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Univ Michigan, Inst Hlth Care Policy & Innovat, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Elayedath, Rajesh:
Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Dev Res & Technol Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci & Technol, Sch Behav Sci, Kottayam, Kerala, India
Elhabashy, Hala Rashad:
Cairo Univ, Neurophysiol Unit, Cairo, Egypt
Ellwein, Leon B.:
NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Emamian, Mohammad Hassan:
Shahroud Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Epidemiol Res Ctr, Shahroud, Iran
Eskandarieh, Sharareh:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Farzadfar, Farshad:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Fernandes, Arthur G.:
Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Fischer, Florian:
Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, Germany
Friedman, David S.:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Furtado, Joao M.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Div Ophthalmol, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
Gaidhane, Shilpa:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Med, Wardha, India
Gazzard, Gus:
UCL, Inst Ophthalmol, London, England
Gebremichael, Berhe:
Haramaya Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Harar, Ethiopia
George, Ronnie:
Sankara Nethralaya Med Res Fdn, Glaucoma Serv, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ghashghaee, Ahmad:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Student Res Comm, Tehran, Iran
Gilani, Syed Amir:
Univ Lahore, Fac Allied Hlth Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Afro Asian Inst, Lahore, Pakistan
Golechha, Mahaveer:
Indian Inst Publ Hlth Gandhinagar, Hlth Syst & Policy Res, Gandhinagar, India
Hamidi, Samer:
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates
Hammond, Billy Randall:
Univ Georgia, Brain & Behav Sci Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA
Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R.:
Univ Utah, Moran Eye Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA
Hartono, Risky Kusuma:
Indonesian Adv Coll Hlth Sci, Inst Publ Hlth Sci, Jakarta, Indonesia
Hashi, Abdiwahab:
Jigjiga Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Jijiga, Ethiopia
Hayat, Khezar:
Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Pharm Adm & Clin Pharm, Xian, Peoples R China
Ho, Hung Chak:
Univ Hong Kong, Dept Urban Planning & Design, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Holla, Ramesh:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Kasturba Med Coll, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Househ, Mowafa:
Hamad Bin Khalifa Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Doha, Qatar
Huang, John J.:
Yale Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, New Haven, CT USA
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Ibadan, Nigeria
Ilic, Irena M.:
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Ilic, Milena D.:
Univ Kragujevac, Dept Epidemiol, Kragujevac, Serbia
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful:
Deakin Univ, Inst Phys Act & Nutr, Burwood, Vic, Australia
Univ Sydney, Sydney Med Sch, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Itumalla, Ramaiah:
Univ Hail, Dept Hlth Management, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Univ Hyderabad, Sch Management Studies, Hyderabad, India
Jayaram, Shubha:
Govt Med Coll, Dept Biochem, Mysuru, India
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Community Med, Delhi, India
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kahloun, Rim:
Ophtalmologistes Associe Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
Kalhor, Rohollah:
Qazvin Univ Med Sci, Inst Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Qazvin, Iran
Qazvin Univ Med Sci, Hlth Serv Management Dept, Qazvin, Iran
Kandel, Himal:
Univ Sydney, Ophthalmol Dept, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Local Hlth Dist, Ophthalmol Dept, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Kasa, Ayele Semachew:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Adult Hlth Nursing, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Kavetskyy, Taras:
John Paul II Catholic Univ Lublin, Dept Appl Phys, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedag Univ, Dept Biol & Chem, Drogobych, Ukraine
Kayode, Gbenga A.:
Int Res Ctr Excellence, Inst Human Virol Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Univ Utrecht, Julius Ctr Hlth Sci & Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands
Kempen, John H.:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
MyungSung Med Coll, Eye Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Khairallah, Moncef:
Fattouma Bourguiba Univ Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Monastir, Tunisia
Khalilov, Rovshan:
Baku State Univ, Dept Biophys & Mol Biol, Baku, Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Natl Acad Sci, Inst Radiat Problems, Baku, Azerbaijan
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khanna, Rohit C.:
Allen Foster Community Eye Hlth Res Ctr, Prasad Eye Inst, Hyderabad, India
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Global Evidence Synth Initiat, Wardha, India
Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer:
Hlth Ministers Council Gulf Cooperat Council Stat, Execut Board, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Kim, Gyu Ri:
Yonsei Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea
Kim, Judy E.:
Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
Kim, Yun Jin:
Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sch Tradit Chinese Med, Sepang, Malaysia
Kisa, Adnan:
Kristiania Univ Coll, Sch Hlth Sci, Oslo, Norway
Tulane Univ, Global Community Hlth & Behav Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
Kisa, Sezer:
Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Koyanagi A:
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Pk, Biomed Res Networking, Ctr Mental Hlth Network, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
Bicer, Burcu Kucuk:
Gazi Univ, Fac Med, Ankara, Turkey
Kulkarni, Vaman:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Community Med, Mangalore, India
Kurmi, Om P.:
Coventry Univ, Fac Hlth & Life Sci, Coventry, W Midlands, England
McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Landires, Ivan:
Inst Med Sci, Unit Genet & Publ Hlth, Las Tablas, Panama
Lansingh, Van Charles:
HelpMeSee, New York, NY USA
Leasher, Janet L.:
Mexican Inst Ophthalmol, Queretaro, Mexico
Nova Southeastern Univ, Coll Optometry, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
LeGrand, Kate E.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Leveziel, Nicolas:
CHU Poitiers, Ophthalmol Dept, Poitiers, France
Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res INSERM, Unit 1084, Poitiers, France
Limburg, Hans:
Hlth Informat Serv, Grootebroek, Netherlands
Liu, Xuefeng:
Univ Michigan, Dept Syst Populat & Leadership, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava:
BGS Global Inst Med Sci, Dept Biochem, Bengaluru, India
Maleki, Shokofeh:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Clin Res Dev Ctr, Kermanshah, Iran
Manafi, Navid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Sch Med, Tehran, Iran
Univ Manitoba, Sch Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Mansouri, Kaweh:
Glaucoma Res Ctr, Montchoisi Clin, Lausanne, Switzerland
Univ Colorado, Dept Ophthalmol, Denver, CO USA
McAlinden, Colm:
Singleton Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Swansea, W Glam, Wales
Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Mersha, Abera M.:
Arba Minch Univ, Dept Nursing, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Michalek, Irmina Maria:
Lausanne Univ Hosp, Woman Mother Child Dept, Lausanne, Switzerland
Miller, Ted R.:
Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia
Misra, Sanjeev:
All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Surg Oncol, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Mohammad, Yousef:
King Saud Univ, Internal Med Dept, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Translat Ophthalmol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Mohammed, Jemal Abdu:
Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, Ethiopia
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
Moni, Mohammad Ali:
World Hlth Org WHO Ctr eHlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Al Montasir, Ahmed:
TMSS Med Coll, Dept Med, Bogura, Bangladesh
Morse, Alan R.:
Sofia Ismail Mem Med Ctr, Dept Med, Bogura, Bangladesh
Lighthouse Guild, New York, NY USA
Columbia Univ, Harkness Eye Inst, New York, NY USA
Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw:
Woldia Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Woldia, Ethiopia
Naderi, Mehdi:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Clin Res Dev Ctr, Kermanshah, Iran
Naderifar, Homa:
Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Dept Orgon, Hamadan, Hamadan, Iran
Naidoo, Kovin S.:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Univ KwaZulu Natal, Discipline Optometry, Durban, South Africa
Naimzada, Mukhammad David:
Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
Kursk State Med Univ, Expt Surg & Oncol Lab, Kursk, Russia
Nangia, Vinay:
Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha:
Govt Med Coll, Mysore Med Coll & Res Inst, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Int Med Univ, Div Community Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Naveed, Muhammad:
Univ Cent Punjab, Dept Biotechnol, Lahore, Pakistan
Negash, Hadush:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Nunez-Samudio, Virginia:
Inst Med Sci, Unit Microbiol & Publ Hlth, Las Tablas, Panama
Minist Hlth, Dept Publ Hlth, Herrera, Panama
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene:
Western Sydney Univ, Translat Hlth Res Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ogundimu, Kolawole:
Sightsavers, Policy & Programme Syst, Haywards Heath, England
Olagunju, Andrew T.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria
Onwujekwe, Obinna E.:
Univ Nigeria Nsukka, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Enugu, Nigeria
Otstavnov, Nikita:
Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
Owolabi, Mayowa O.:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Univ Coll Hosp, Dept Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Pakshir, Keyvan:
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Shiraz, Iran
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Heidelberg, Germany
Parekh, Utsav:
Pramukhswami Med Coll, Dept Forens Med & Toxicol, Anand, Gujarat, India
Park, Eun-Cheol:
Yonsei Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea
Yonsei Univ, Inst Hlth Serv Res, Seoul, South Korea
Pasovic, Maja:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Pawar, Shrikant:
Yale Univ, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT USA
Pesudovs, Konrad:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Peto, Tunde:
Queens Univ Belfast, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland
Podder, Vivek:
Univ Adelaide, Sch Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Tairunnessa Mem Med Coll & Hosp, Med Coll, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sina Trauma & Surg Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur:
Maharishi Markandeshwar Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Community Med, Solan, India
Ramulu, Pradeep Y.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD USA
Rathi, Priya:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Kasturba Med Coll, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Rawaf, David Laith:
Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Univ Coll London Hosp, London, England
Rawaf, Salman:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Publ Hlth England, Acad Publ Hlth England, London, England
Rawal, Lal:
CQ Univ, Sch Hlth Med & Appl Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Reinig, Nickolas:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Renzaho, Andre M. N.:
Western Sydney Univ, Sch Social Sci & Psychol, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Western Sydney Univ, Translat Hlth Res Inst, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Rezapour, Aziz:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Robin, Alan L.:
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Johns Hopkins Univ, Wilmer Eye Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
Rossetti, Luca:
Univ Milan, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Sabour, Siamak:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Tehran, Iran
Safi, Sare:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Epidemiol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Sahebkar, Amirhossein:
Food & Drug Adm Islamic Republ Iran, Halal Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Neurogen Inflammat Res Ctr, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Sathian, Brijesh:
Hamad Med Corp, Dept Geriatr & Long Term Care, Doha, Qatar
Bournemouth Univ, Fac Hlth & Social Sci, Bournemouth, Dorset, England
Saya, Ganesh Kumar:
Jawaharlal Inst Postgrad Med Educ & Res, Dept Prevent & Social Med, Pondicherry, India
Saylan, Mete:
Bayer, Market Access, Istanbul, Turkey
Shaheen, Amira A.:
Najah Natl Univ, Publ Hlth Div, Nablus, Palestine
Shen, Tueng T.:
Univ Washington, Dept Ophthalmol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Shibuya, Kenji:
Kings Coll London, Inst Populat Hlth, London, England
Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw:
Debre Berhan Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Shigematsu, Mika:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Shin, Jae Il:
Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea
Silva, Juan Carlos:
Pan Amer Hlth Org, Family Hlth Promot & Life Course Dept, Washington, DC USA
Silvester, Alexander:
Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vis & Eye Res Inst, Cambridge CB1 1PT, England
SpaMedica, Ophthalmol Dept, Bolton, England
Singh, Jasvinder A.:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Birmingham, AL USA
US Dept Vet Affairs VA, Med Serv, Birmingham, AL USA
Singhal, Deepika:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Wardha, India
Gmers Med Coll & Civil Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
Sitorus, Rita S.:
Univ Indonesia, Dept Ophthalmol, Jakarta, Indonesia
Cipto Mangunkusumo Natl Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Jakarta, Indonesia
Skiadaresi, Eirini:
Hywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Llanelli, England
Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich:
Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Dept 16, Moscow, Russia
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna:
Balashiha Cent Hosp, Therapeut Dept, Balashikha, Russia
Soheili, Amin:
Semnan Univ Med Sci, Nursing Care Res Ctr, Semnan, Iran
Sorrie, Muluken Bekele:
Arba Minch Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Sousa, Raul A. R. C.:
Assoc Licensed Optometry Profess, Direct Board, Linda A Velha, Portugal
Stambolian, Dwight:
Univ Penn, Dept Ophthalmol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma:
Arba Minch Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Tahhan, Nina:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tareque, Md Ismail:
Univ Rajshahi, Dept Populat Sci & Human Resource Dev, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Topouzis, Fotis:
Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Ophthalmol 1, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bach Xuan Tran:
Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie:
Bahir Dar Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K.:
Univ Crete, Med Sch, Iraklion, Greece
Varma, Rohit:
Southern Calif Eye Inst, Los Angeles, CA USA
Virgili, Gianni:
Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland
Univ Florence, Area Farmaco & Salute Bambino, Psicol, NEUROFARBA Dipartimento Neurosci, Florence, Italy
Vongpradith, Avina:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Vu, Giang Thu:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Wang, Ya Xing:
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Wang, Ningli:
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Tongren Eye Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay:
Aksum Univ, Dept Adult Hlth Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia
West, Sheila K.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD USA
Wondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu:
Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, Ethiopia
Wong, Tien Y.:
Duke NUS Med Sch, Singapore, Singapore
Singapore Natl Eye Ctr, Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore
Yaseri, Mehdi:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Tehran, Iran
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Neuropsychopharmacol, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Juntendo Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Tokyo, Japan
Yu, Chuanhua:
Wuhan Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich:
Moscow Res & Pract Ctr Addict, Lab Genet & Genom, Moscow, Russia
Russian Med Acad Continuous Profess Educ, Addictol Dept, Moscow, Russia
Zastrozhina, Anasthasia:
Russian Med Acad Continuous Profess Educ, Pediat Dept, Moscow, Russia
Zhang, Zhi-Jiang:
Wuhan Univ, Sch Med, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Resnikoff, Serge:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brien Holden Vis Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Vos, Theo:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
gold, Green Published, Green Accepted
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