Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Por:
Bourne, Rupert R. A., Steinmetz, Jaimie D., Flaxman, Seth, Briant, Paul Svitil, Taylor, Hugh R., Resnikoff, Serge, Casson, Robert James, Abdoli, Amir, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akalu, Yonas, Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw, Alemayehu, Wondu, Alfaar, Ahmed Samir, Alipour, Vahid, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Androudi, Sofia, Arabloo, Jalal, Arditi, Aries, Asaad, Malke, Bagli, Eleni, Baig, Atif Amin, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Parodi, Maurizio Battaglia, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bottone, Michele, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Bron, Alain M., Butt, Zahid A., Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Coelho, Joao M., Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dana, Reza, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Del Monte, Monte A., Deva, Jenny P., Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dreer, Laura E., Ehrlich, Joshua R., Ellwein, Leon B., Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Fernandes, Arthur G., Fischer, Florian, Friedman, David S., Furtado, Joao M., Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gazzard, Gus, Gebremichael, Berhe, George, Ronnie, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Golechha, Mahaveer, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R., Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hay, I, Simon, Heidari, Golnaz, Ho, Hung Chak, Chi Linh Hoang, Househ, Mowafa, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Ingram, April D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kahloun, Rim, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kempen, John H., Keramati, Maryam, Khairallah, Moncef, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khanna, Rohit C., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Kim, Judy E., Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Koyanagi A, Kurmi, Om P., Lansingh, Van Charles, Leasher, Janet L., Leveziel, Nicolas, Limburg, Hans, Majdan, Marek, Manafi, Navid, Mansouri, Kaweh, McAlinden, Colm, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mokdad, Ali H., Moosavi, Delaram, Morse, Alan R., Naderi, Mehdi, Naidoo, Kovin S., Nangia, Vinay, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Ogundimu, Kolawole, Olagunju, Andrew T., Ostroff, Samuel M., Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peto, Tunde, Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Ramulu, Pradeep Y., Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reinig, Nickolas, Robin, Alan L., Rossetti, Luca, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Samy, Abdallah M., Saxena, Deepak, Serle, Janet B., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shen, Tueng T., Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Jae Il, Silva, Juan Carlos, Silvester, Alexander, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singhal, Deepika, Sitorus, Rita S., Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Soheili, Amin, Sousa, Raul A. R. C., Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stambolian, Dwight, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tahhan, Nina, Tareque, Md Ismail, Topouzis, Fotis, Bach Xuan Tran, Travillian, Ravensara S., Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K., Varma, Rohit, Virgili, Gianni, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Ya Xing, West, Sheila K., Wong, Tien Y., Zaidi, Zoubida, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Jonas, Jost B. and Vos, Theo
Publicada:
1 feb 2021
Ahead of Print:
1 ene 2021
Categoría:
Medicine (miscellaneous)
Resumen:
Background To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right
to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal
change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global
vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over
three decades between 1990-2020, and forecasts for 2050.
Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based
surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only
studies with samples representative of the population and with dearly
defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted
hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty
intervals [UN]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity >=
6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60),
and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10 degrees visual field around central
fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting
near vision= 6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050.
Findings In 2020, an estimated 43.3 million (95% UI 37.6-48.4) people
were blind, of whom 23.9 million (55%; 20.8-26.8) were estimated to be
female. We estimated 295 million (267-325) people to have moderate and
severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147-179) were
female; 258 million (233-285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom
142 million (55%; 128-157) were female; and 510 million (371-667) to
have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million
(55%; 205-365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among
adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness
decreased by 28.5% (-29.4 to -27.7) and prevalence of mild vision
impairment decreased slightly (-0.3%, -0.8 to -0.2), whereas prevalence
of moderate and severe vision impainnent increased slightly (2.5%, 1.9
to 3.2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for
vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the
number of people who were blind increased by 50.6% (47.8 to 53.4) and
the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by
91.7% (87.6 to 95.8). By 2050, we predict 61.0 million (52.9 to 69.3)
people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and
severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision
impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected
presbyopia.
Interpretation Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the
past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not
keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision
impairment as the global population grows and ages. Copyright (C) 2020
The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Bourne, Rupert R. A.:
Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vis & Eye Res Inst, Cambridge CB1 1PT, England
Steinmetz, Jaimie D.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Flaxman, Seth:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Math, London, England
Briant, Paul Svitil:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Taylor, Hugh R.:
Univ Melbourne, Sch Populat & Global & Hlth, Carlton, Vic, Australia
Resnikoff, Serge:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brien Holden Vis Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Casson, Robert James:
Univ Adelaide, Dept Ophthalmol, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Abdoli, Amir:
Jahrom Univ Med Sci, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Jahrom, Iran
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman:
Univ Sharjah, Dept Clin Sci, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates
Afshin, Ashkan:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept & Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Ahmadieh, Hamid:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Tehran, Iran
Akalu, Yonas:
Univ Gondar, Dept Med Physiol, Gondar, Ethiopia
Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw:
Debre Markos Univ, Dept Human Nutr & Food Sci, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Alemayehu, Wondu:
Fred Hollows Fdn, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Berhan Publ Hlth & Eye Care Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Alfaar, Ahmed Samir:
Univ Leipzig, Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Leipzig, Germany
Charite Med Univ Berlin, Dept Ophthalmol, Berlin, Germany
Alipour, Vahid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Econ Dept, Tehran, Iran
Anbesu, Etsay Woldu:
Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, Ethiopia
Androudi, Sofia:
Univ Thessaly, Dept Med, Volos, Greece
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Arditi, Aries:
Visibil Metr, Dept Res, Chappaqua, NY USA
Asaad, Malke:
Univ Texas Houston, Dept Plast Surg, Houston, TX USA
Bagli, Eleni:
Univ Hosp Ioannina, Dept Ophthalmol, Ioannina, Greece
Fdn Res & Technol, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Ioannina, Greece
Baig, Atif Amin:
Sultan Zainal Abidin Univ, Unit Biochem, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Barnighausen, Till Winfried:
Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany
Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Parodi, Maurizio Battaglia:
Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth:
United Arab Emirates Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates
Charles Univ Prague, Dept Social & Clin Pharm, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Bhardwaj, Nikha:
Govt Med Coll Pali, Dept Anat, Pali, India
Bhardwaj, Pankaj:
All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Community Med & Family Med, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
All India Inst Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
Bijani, Ali:
Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol, Iran
Bikbov, Mukharram:
Ufa Eye Res Inst, Epidemiol Dept, Ufa, Russia
Bottone, Michele:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Math, London, England
Middlesex Univ London, Dept Comp Sci, London, England
Braithwaite, Tasanee:
Moorfields Eye Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Ophthalmol Dept, London, England
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Int Ctr Eye Hlth, London, England
Bron, Alain M.:
Univ Hosp Dijon, Dept Ophthalmol, Dijon, France
Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, Nutr Res Grp, Dijon, France
Butt, Zahid A.:
Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Cheng, Ching-Yu:
Singapore Eye Res Inst, Ocular Epidemiol Res Grp, Singapore, Singapore
Duke NUS Med Sch, Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Acad Clin Program, Singapore, Singapore
Chu, Dinh-Toi:
Hanoi Natl Univ Educ, Fac Biol, Hanoi, Vietnam
Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria:
Ist Sci San Raffaele, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Coelho, Joao M.:
Univ Porto, Univ Hosp Ctr Porto, Porto, Portugal
Dagnew, Baye:
Univ Gondar, Dept Human Physiol, Gondar, Ethiopia
Dai, Xiaochen:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Dana, Reza:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Dandona, Lalit:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gunagram, India
Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India
Dandona, Rakhi:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept & Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gunagram, India
Del Monte, Monte A.:
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Deva, Jenny P.:
Univ Tunku Abdul Rahman, Dept Ophthalmol, Kajang, Malaysia
Diaz, Daniel:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Autonomous Univ Sinaloa, Fac Vet Med & Zootech, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
Djalalinia, Shirin:
Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Res & Technol Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Dreer, Laura E.:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Birmingham, AL USA
Ehrlich, Joshua R.:
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Univ Michigan, Inst Hlth Care Policy & Innovat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Ellwein, Leon B.:
NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Emamian, Mohammad Hassan:
Shahroud Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Epidemiol Res Ctr, Shahroud, Iran
Fernandes, Arthur G.:
Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Fischer, Florian:
Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, Germany
Friedman, David S.:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Furtado, Joao M.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Div Ophthalmol, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Community Med, Wardha, India
Gaidhane, Shilpa:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Med, Wardha, India
Gazzard, Gus:
UCL, Inst Ophthalmol, London, England
Gebremichael, Berhe:
Haramaya Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Harar, Ethiopia
George, Ronnie:
Sankara Nethralaya Med Res Fdn, Glaucoma Serv, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ghashghaee, Ahmad:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Student Res Comm, Tehran, Iran
Golechha, Mahaveer:
Indian Inst Publ & Hlth, Hlth Syst & Policy Res, Gandhinagar, India
Hamidi, Samer:
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates
Hammond, Billy Randall:
Univ Georgia, Brain & Behav Sci Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA
Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R.:
Univ Utah, Moran Eye Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA
Hartono, Risky Kusuma:
Inst Publ Hlth Sci, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju, Jakarta, Indonesia
Ho, Hung Chak:
Univ Hong Kong, Dept Urban Planning & Design, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Chi Linh Hoang:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Househ, Mowafa:
Hamad Bin Khalifa Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Doha, Qatar
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Ibadan, Nigeria
Ilic, Irena M.:
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Ilic, Milena D.:
Univ Kragujevac, Dept Epidemiol, Kragujevac, Serbia
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Community Med, Delhi, India
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kahloun, Rim:
Ophtalmologistes Associes Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
Kandel, Himal:
Univ Sydney, Dept Ophthalmol, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Local Hlth Dist, Dept Ophthalmol, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Kasa, Ayele Semachew:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Adult Hlth Nursing, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Kempen, John H.:
Harvard Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA
MyungSung Med Coll, Eye Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Khairallah, Moncef:
Fattouma Bourguiba Univ Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Monastir, Tunisia
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khanna, Rohit C.:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
LV Prasad Eye Inst, Allen Foster Community Eye Hlth Res Ctr, Hyderabad, India
Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Ctr Global Evidence Synth Initiat, Wardha, India
Kim, Judy E.:
Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
Kim, Yun Jin:
Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sch Tradit Chinese Med, Sepang, Malaysia
Kisa, Adnan:
Kristiania Univ Coll, Sch Hlth Sci, Oslo, Norway
Tulane Univ, Dept Global Community Hlth & Behav Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
Kisa, Sezer:
Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Koyanagi A:
San Juan Dios Sanit Pk, Biomed Res Networking Ctr Mental Hlth Network, St Boi De Uobregat, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Kurmi, Om P.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Birmingham, Inst Occupat & Environm Med, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Lansingh, Van Charles:
HelpMeSee, New York, NY USA
Mexican Inst Ophthalmol, Queretaro, Mexico
Leasher, Janet L.:
Nova Southeastern Univ, Coll Optometry, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
Leveziel, Nicolas:
CHU Poitiers, Ophthalmol Dept, Poitiers, France
Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res INSERM, Unite 1084, Poitiers, France
Limburg, Hans:
Hlth Informat Serv, Grootebroek, Netherlands
Manafi, Navid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Sch Med, Tehran, Iran
Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia
Univ Manitoba, Sch Med, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Mansouri, Kaweh:
Glaucoma Res Ctr, Montchoisi Clin, Swiss Visio, Lausanne, Switzerland
Univ Colorado, Dept Ophthalmol, Denver, CO 80202 USA
McAlinden, Colm:
Singleton Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Swansea, W Glam, Wales
Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Translat Ophthalmol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah:
Shahrekord Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Shahrekord, Iran
Mohammadpourhodki, Reza:
Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Kashmar Ctr Higher Hlth Educ, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept & Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Moosavi, Delaram:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
Morse, Alan R.:
Lighthouse Guild, New York, NY USA
Columbia Univ, Harkness Eye Inst, New York, NY USA
Naderi, Mehdi:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Clin Res Dev Ctr, Kermanshah, Iran
Naidoo, Kovin S.:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Univ KwaZulu Natal, Discipline Optometry, Durban, South Africa
Nangia, Vinay:
Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Cuong Tat Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Ogundimu, Kolawole:
Sightsavers, Policy & Programme Syst, Haywards Heath, England
Olagunju, Andrew T.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria
Ostroff, Samuel M.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Washington, Henry M Jackson Sch Int Studies, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Heidelberg, Germany
Pesudovs, Konrad:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Peto, Tunde:
Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland
Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Community Med, Wardha, India
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur:
Maharishi Markandeshwar Inst Med Sci & Res, Dept Community Med, Ambala, India
Ramulu, Pradeep Y.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD USA
Rawaf, David Laith:
Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Univ Coll London Hosp, London, England
Rawaf, Salman:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Publ Hlth England, Acad Publ Hlth England, London, England
Reinig, Nickolas:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Robin, Alan L.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Wilmer Eye Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MD USA
Rossetti, Luca:
Univ Milan, Dept Ophthalmol, Milan, Italy
Safi, Sare:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Ophthalm Epidemiol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Sahebkar, Amirhossein:
Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Neurogen Inflammat Res Ctr, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Food & Drug Adm Islamic Republ Iran, Halal Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Saxena, Deepak:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Community Med, Wardha, India
Indian Inst Publ & Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Gandhinagar, India
Serle, Janet B.:
Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Ophthalmol, New York, NY USA
Shen, Tueng T.:
Univ Washington, Dept Ophthalmol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Shibuya, Kenji:
Kings Coll London, Inst Populat Hlth, London, England
Shin, Jae Il:
Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea
Silva, Juan Carlos:
Pan Amer Hlth Org, Family Hlth Promot & Life Course Dept, Washington, DC USA
Silvester, Alexander:
Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vis & Eye Res Inst, Cambridge CB1 1PT, England
SpaMedica, Ophthalmol Dept, Bolton, England
Singh, Jasvinder A.:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Birmingham, AL USA
US Dept Vet Affairs, Med Serv, Birmingham, AL USA
Singhal, Deepika:
Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Wardha, India
Gmers Med Coll & Civil Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
Sitorus, Rita S.:
Univ Indonesia, Dept Ophthalmol, Jakarta, Indonesia
Mangunkusumo Natl Hosp, Dept Ophthalmol, Jakarta, Indonesia
Skiadaresi, Eirini:
Hywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Llanelli, England
Skirbekk, Vegard:
Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Fertil & Hlth, Oslo, Norway
Soheili, Amin:
Semnan Univ Med Sci, Nursing Care Res Ctr, Semnan, Iran
Sousa, Raul A. R. C.:
Assoc Licensed Optometry Professionals, Direct Board, Linda A Velha, Portugal
Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Stambolian, Dwight:
Univ Penn, Dept Ophthalmol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu:
Arba Minch Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Pharm, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Tadesse, Eyayou Girma:
Arba Minch Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Tahhan, Nina:
UNSW, Sch Optometry & Vis Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tareque, Md Ismail:
Univ Rajshahi, Dept Populat Sci & Human Resource Dev, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Topouzis, Fotis:
Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Ophthalmol 1, Thessaloniki, Greece
Bach Xuan Tran:
Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Travillian, Ravensara S.:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K.:
Univ Crete, Med Sch, Iraklion, Greece
Varma, Rohit:
Southern Calif Eye Inst, Los Angeles, CA USA
Virgili, Gianni:
Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland
Univ Florence, Area Farmaco & Salute Bambino, NEUROFARBA Dipartimento Neurosci, Psicol, Florence, Italy
Wang, Ningli:
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Tongren Eye Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Wang, Ya Xing:
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Wong, Tien Y.:
Singapore Natl Eye Ctr, Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Ferhat Abbas Setif, Dept Med, Setif, Algeria
Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Jonas, Jost B.:
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Mannheim, Germany
Vos, Theo:
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Hay, Simon, I , Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept & Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Green Published, Green Accepted, gold
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