Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Por:
Soriano, Joan B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Paulson, Katherine R., Gupta, Vinay, Vos, Theo, Abrams, Elissa M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Advani, Shailesh M., Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadian, Elham, Alahdab, Fares, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Anto, Josep M., Arabloo, Jalal, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Awoke, Nefsu, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen Sachiko, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Bukhman, Gene, Butt, Zahid A., Camera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Goudarzi, Houman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamal, Amr A., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Knibbs, Luke D., Komaki, Hamidreza, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi A, Kumar, G. Anil, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, La Vecchia, Carlo, Tham Thi Le, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Farzad, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Mahesh, P. A., Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Kee, Hai Quang Pham, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Poustchi, Hossein, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Jr., Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rudd, Kristina E., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Komal, Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shirkoohi, Reza, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soljak, Michael, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Toma, Alemayehu Toma, Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel, Khanh Bao Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Boven, Job F. M., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S., Wagner, Gregory R., Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zar, Heather J. and Zhang, Yunquan
Publicada:
1 jun 2020
Categoría:
Pulmonary and respiratory medicine
Resumen:
Background Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic
respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions,
such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this
study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory
diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on
geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017.
Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and
Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity,
and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an
analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of
life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by
age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD,
interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and
other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of
risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and
ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and
occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs.
Findings In 2017, 544.9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI]
506.9- 584.8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing
an increase of 39.8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease
prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the
highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions,
and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The
age-sex- specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017
was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases
were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7.0% [95% UI 6.8-7
.2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths
due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790
578-4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18.0% since 1990, while total
DALYs increased by 13.3%. However, when accounting for ageing and
population growth, declines were observed in age-standardised prevalence
(14.3% decrease), agestandardised death rates (42.6%), and
age-standardised DALY rates (38.2%). In males and females, most chronic
respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD. In
regional analyses, mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases
were greatest in south Asia and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, also
across both sexes. Notably, although absolute prevalence was lower in
south Asia than in most other super-regions, YLLs due to chronic
respiratory diseases across the subcontinent were the highest in the
world. Death rates due to interstitial lung disease and pulmonary
sarcoidosis were greater than those due to pneumoconiosis in all
super-regions. Smoking was the leading risk factor for chronic
respiratory disease-related disability across all regions for men. Among
women, household air pollution from solid fuels was the predominant risk
factor for chronic respiratory diseases in south Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa, while ambient particulate matter represented the leading risk
factor in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, and in the Middle East
and north Africa super-region.
Interpretation Our study shows that chronic respiratory diseases remain
a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with growth in
absolute numbers but sharp declines in several age-standardised
estimators since 1990. Premature mortality from chronic respiratory
diseases seems to be highest in regions with less-resourced health
systems on a per-capita basis. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s).
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Soriano, Joan B.:
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Hosp Univ Princesa, Madrid 28005, Spain
CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
Kendrick, Parkes J.:
Reiner, Robert C
Paulson, Katherine R.:
Reiner, Robert C
Gupta, Vinay:
Reiner, Robert C
Vos, Theo:
Reiner, Robert C
Abrams, Elissa M.:
Univ Manitoba, Sect Allergy & Clin Immunol, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji:
Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Med Rehab, Ife, Nigeria
Adhikari, Tara Ballav:
Aarhus Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Aarhus, Denmark
Univ Southern Denmark, Nepal Hlth Frontiers, Kathmandu, Nepal
Advani, Shailesh M.:
NIH, Social Behav Res Branch, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Georgetown Univ, Dept Oncol, Washington, DC USA
Agrawal, Anurag:
CSIR, Inst Genom & Integrat Biol, Delhi, India
Baylor Coll Med, Internal Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA
Ahmadian, Elham:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Res Ctr Chron Kidney Dis, Tabriz, Iran
Joint Ukraine Azerbaijan Int Res & Educ Ctr Nanob, Baku, Azerbaijan
Alahdab, Fares:
Mayo Clin, Fdn Med Educ & Res, Mayo Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed:
Kuwait Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Safat, Kuwait
Natl Univ Malaysia, Int Ctr Casemix & Clin Coding, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Altirkawi, Khalid A.:
King Saud Univ, Pediat Intens Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson:
Univ Cartagena, Res Grp Hlth Econ, Cartagena, Colombia
Univ Coast, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia
Anber, Nahla Hamed:
Mansoura Univ, Fac Med, Mansoura, Egypt
Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt
Andrei, Catalina Liliana:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Cardiol Dept, Bucharest, Romania
Anjomshoa, Mina:
Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Res Ctr Evidence Based Med, Tabriz, Iran
AREEO, Razi Vaccine & Serum Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
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Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Noncommunicable Dis & Environm Programme, Barcelona, Spain
Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Expt & Hlth Sci, Barcelona, Spain
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Athari, Seyyede Masoume:
Zanjan Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Zanjan, Iran
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin:
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Biol, Maragheh, Iran
Awoke, Nefsu:
Wolaita Sodo Univ, Dept Nursing, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Badawi, Alaa:
Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar:
Univ London, Dept Internal Med, London, England
Alexandria Univ, Dept Gen Med, Alexandria, Egypt
Bennett, Derrick A.:
Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England
Bensenor, Isabela M.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Internal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Berfield, Kathleen Sachiko:
Univ Washington, Dept Surg, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Dept Vet Affairs, Thorac Surg, Seattle, WA USA
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Emory Univ, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
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Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol, Iran
Brauer, Michael:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ British Columbia, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Harvard Univ, Dept Global Hlth & Social Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Partners Hlth, Boston, MA USA
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Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Internal Med Dept, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Argentine Soc Med, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
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Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
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Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol & Biostat, Stockholm, Sweden
Carvalho, Felix:
Univ Porto, Res Unit Appl Mol Biosci UCIBIO, Porto, Portugal
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.:
Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia
Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia
Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine:
Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Biomed Informat, Seoul, South Korea
Christopher, Devasahayam J.:
Christian Med Coll & Hosp CMC, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Cohen, Aaron J.:
Reiner, Robert C
Hlth Effects Inst, Boston, MA USA
Dandona, Lalit:
Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India
Dandona, Rakhi:
Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Dang, Anh Kim:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Daryani, Ahmad:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
de Courten, Barbora:
Monash Univ, Sch Clin Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam:
Aksum Univ, Sch Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia
De Neve, Jan-Walter:
Heidelberg Univ, HIGH, Heidelberg, Germany
Desai, Rupak:
Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Cardiol, Decatur, GA USA
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ Peradeniya, Dept Community Med, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Diaz, Daniel:
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Autonomous Univ Sinaloa, Fac Vet Med & Zootechn, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
Douiri, Abdel:
Kings Coll London, Sch Populat Hlth & Environm Sci, London, England
Driscoll, Tim Robert:
Univ Sydney, Sydney Sch Publ Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Duken, Eyasu Ejeta:
Wollega Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Jimma Univ, Mycobacteriol Res Ctr, Jimma, Ethiopia
Eftekhari, Aziz:
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Maragheh, Iran
John Paul II Catholic Univ Lublin, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Lublin, Poland
Elkout, Hajer:
Tripoli Univ, Dept Community Med, Tripoli, Libya
WHO, Hlth Informat, Tripoli, Libya
Endries, Aman Yesuf:
St Pauls Hosp Millennium Med Coll, Publ Hlth Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Fadhil, Ibtihal:
Minist Publ Hlth & Populat, Div Noncommunicable Dis, Dubai, U Arab Emirates
Faro, Andre:
Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Psychol, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
Farzadfar, Farshad:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Fernandes, Eduarda:
Univ Porto, Associated Lab Green Chem LAQV, Porto, Portugal
Filip, Irina:
Kaiser Permanente, Dept Psychiat, Fontana, CA USA
AT Still Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Mesa, AZ 85206 USA
Fischer, Florian:
Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, Germany
Foroutan, Masoud:
Abadan Fac Med Sci, Dept Med Parasitol, Abadan, Iran
Garcia-Gordillo, M. A.:
Autonomous Univ Chile, Fac Business & Management, Talca, Chile
Gebre, Abadi Kahsu:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Edith Cowan Univ, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Perth, WA, Australia
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork:
Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Nursing & Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn:
Aksum Univ, Dept Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia
Mekelle Univ, Dept Nursing, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Gezae, Kebede Embaye:
Mekelle Univ, Dept Biostat, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal:
Natl Allergy Asthma Bronchitis Inst, Resp Med, Kolkata, India
Fortis Hosp, Dept Resp Med, Kolkata, India
Gill, Paramjit Singh:
Univ Warwick, Med Sch, Coventry, W Midlands, England
Gillum, Richard F.:
Howard Univ, Div Gen Internal Med, Washington, DC 20059 USA
Howard Univ, Dept Community & Family Med, Washington, DC 20059 USA
Goudarzi, Houman:
Hokkaido Univ, Dept Resp Med, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Hokkaido Univ, Ctr Environm & Hlth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Guo, Yuming:
Monash Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Binzhou Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Yantai, Peoples R China
Gupta, Rajeev:
Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Dept Prevent Cardiol, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci, Dept Med, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa:
Mekelle Univ, Dept Med Parasitol & Entomol, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Hasanzadeh, Amir:
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Maragheh, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Tehran, Iran
Hassen, Hamid Yimam:
Univ Antwerp Hosp, Dept Primary & Interdisciplinary Care, Antwerp, Belgium
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
Hay, Simon I.:
Reiner, Robert C
Hoang, Chi Linh:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hole, Michael K.:
Univ Texas Austin, Dept Pediat, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Horita, Nobuyuki:
Yokohama City Univ, Dept Pulmonol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
NIH, NHGRI, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Hosgood, H. Dean:
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
Hostiuc, Mihaela:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Internal Med, Bucharest, Romania
Househ, Mowafa:
Hamad Bin Khalifa Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Doha, Qatar
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Community Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Univ Coll Hosp, Dept Community Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Ilic, Milena D.:
Univ Kragujevac, Dept Epidemiol, Kragujevac, Serbia
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful:
Univ Sydney, Sydney Med Sch, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Deakin Univ, Inst Phys Act & Nutr, Burwood, Vic, Australia
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo:
Univ Kragujevac, Dept Global Hlth Econ & Policy, Kragujevac, Serbia
IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, NA Semashko Dept Publ Hlth & Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
Jamal, Amr A.:
King Saud Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Baba Saheb Ambedkar Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Community Med, Delhi, India
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Mannheim, Germany
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Kabir, Zubair:
Univ Coll Cork, Sch Publ Hlth, Cork, Ireland
Kasaeian, Amir:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Pars Adv & Minimally Invas Med Manners Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Hematol Oncol & Stem Cell Transplantat Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie:
Aksum Univ, Sch Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia
Kassa, Getachew Mullu:
Debre Markos Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Kefale, Adane Teshome:
Debre Berhan Univ, Dept Pharm, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Univ Tasmania, Sch Pharm, Hobart, Tas, Australia
Kengne, Andre Pascal:
Med Res Council South Africa, Noncommunicable Dis Res Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa
Khader, Yousef Saleh:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth, Irbid, Jordan
Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif:
Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Ahvaz, Iran
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khan, Junaid:
Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Populat Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Khubchandani, Jagdish:
Ball State Univ, Dept Nutr & Hlth Sci, Muncie, IN 47306 USA
Kim, Young-Eun:
Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea
Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sch Tradit Chinese Med, Sepang, Malaysia
Kisa, Sezer:
Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Kisa, Adnan:
Kristiania Univ Coll, Sch Hlth Sci, Oslo, Norway
Tulane Univ, Global Community Hlth & Behav Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
Knibbs, Luke D.:
Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Herston, Qld, Australia
Komaki, Hamidreza:
Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Neurophysiol Res Ctr, Hamadan, Iran
Inst Res Fundamental Sci, Brain Engn Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Koul, Parvaiz A.:
Sheri Kashmir Inst Med Sci, Dept Internal & Pulm Med, Srinagar, India
Koyanagi A:
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Pk, CIBERSAM, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
Kumar, G. Anil:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Lan, Qing:
NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Rockville, MD USA
Lasrado, Savita:
Father Muller Med Coll, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Mangalore, India
Lauriola, Paolo:
CNR, Inst Clin Physiol, Pisa, Italy
La Vecchia, Carlo:
Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci & Community Hlth, Milan, Italy
Tham Thi Le:
Univ Maryland, Dept Pharmaceut Hlth Serv Res, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
Leigh, James:
Univ Sydney, Asbestos Dis Res Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Levi, Miriam:
USL Tuscany Ctr, Dept Prevent, Florence, Italy
Univ Florence, Dept Hlth Sci, Florence, Italy
Li, Shanshan:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Lopez, Alan D.:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Lotufo, Paulo A.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Madotto, Fabiana:
IRCCS MultiMed, Value Based Healthcare Unit, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Mahotra, Narayan B.:
Tribhuvan Univ, Dept Clin Physiol, Kathmandu, Nepal
Majdan, Marek:
Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia
Majeed, Azeem:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Malekzadeh, Reza:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Mamun, Abdullah A.:
Univ Queensland, Inst Social Sci Res, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
Manafi, Navid:
Univ Manitoba, Ophthalmol Dept, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Iran Univ Med Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Tehran, Iran
Manafi, Farzad:
Univ Toronto, Joint Ctr Bioeth, Toronto, ON, Canada
Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni:
IRCCS MultiMed, Value Based Healthcare Unit, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Univ Milano Bicocca, Sch Med & Surg, Monza, Italy
Meharie, Birhanu Geta:
Wollo Univ, Dept Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia
Meles, Hagazi Gebre:
Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Menezes, Ritesh G.:
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Forens Med Div, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Mestrovic, Tomislav:
Zora Profoz Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Univ North, Univ Ctr Varazdin, Varazhdin, Croatia
Miller, Ted R.:
Pacific Inst Res Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia
Mini, G. K.:
Ananthapuri Hosp & Res Inst, Global Inst Publ Hlth, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Womens Social & Hlth Studies Fdn, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.:
Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Internal Med Programme, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Dis, Dept Atherosclerosis & Coronary Heart Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Moazen, Babak:
Heidelberg Univ, HIGH, Heidelberg, Germany
Frankfurt Univ Appl Sci, Inst Addict Res ISFF, Frankfurt, Germany
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin:
Salahaddin Univ Erbil, Dept Biol, Erbil, Iraq
Mohammed, Shafiu:
Heidelberg Univ, HIGH, Heidelberg, Germany
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Hlth Syst & Policy Res Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
Mohebi, Farnam:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, NIHR, Tehran, Iran
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Molokhia, Mariam:
Kings Coll London, Fac Life Sci & Med, London, England
Monasta, Lorenzo:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Moradi, Masoud:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Res Ctr Environm Determinants Hlth, Kermanshah, Iran
Moradi, Ghobad:
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Sanandaj, Iran
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sanandaj, Iran
Morawska, Lidia:
Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Hlth Policy Management & Econ, Tehran, Iran
Musa, Kamarul Imran:
Sci Univ Malaysia, Sch Med Sci, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Mustafa, Ghulam:
Childrens Hosp & Inst Child Hlth, Dept Pediat Med, Multan, Pakistan
Inst M & Child Care, Dept Pediat & Pediat Pulmonol, Multan, Pakistan
Naderi, Mehdi:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Clin Res Dev Ctr, Kermanshah, Iran
Naghavi, Mohsen:
Reiner, Robert C
Naik, Gurudatta:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
Nair, Sanjeev:
Govt Med Coll Trivandrum, Dept Pulm Med, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Hlth Act People, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Nangia, Vinay:
Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Nansseu, Jobert Richie:
Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Control Dis Epidem & Pandem, Yaounde, Cameroon
Univ Yaounde I, Dept Publ Heath, Yaounde, Cameroon
Nazari, Javad:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Arak, Iran
Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith:
South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Anat & Embryol, Bucharest, Romania
CardioAid, Bucharest, Romania
Trang Huyen Nguyen:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Cuong Tat Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Nixon, Molly R.:
Reiner, Robert C
Ofori-Asenso, Richard:
Monash Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Univ Copenhagen, Dept Pharm, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene:
Western Sydney Univ, Translat Hlth Res Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Olagunju, Andrew T.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria
Olagunju, Tinuke O.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Oren, Eyal:
Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
Ortiz, Justin R.:
Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Maryland, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
Owolabi, Mayowa O.:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Univ Coll Hosp, Dept Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Pakhale, Smita:
Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Dept Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Pana, Adrian:
Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Ctr Hlth Outcomes Evaluat, Dept Hlth Metr, Bucharest, Romania
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Heidelberg, Germany
Park, Eun-Kee:
Kosin Univ, Dept Med Humanities & Social Med, Busan, South Korea
Hai Quang Pham:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Postma, Maarten J.:
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Univ Groningen, Sch Econ & Business, Groningen, Netherlands
Pourjafar, Hadi:
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Maragheh, Iran
Alborz Univ Med Sci, Dietary Supplements & Probiot Res Ctr, Karaj, Iran
Poustchi, Hossein:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Radfar, Amir:
Univ Cent Florida, Coll Med, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
Rafiei, Alireza:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Sari, Iran
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Mol & Cell Biol Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Rahim, Fakher:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Metabol & Genom Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Res Ctr, Ahvaz, Iran
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur:
Federat Univ Australia, Sch Nursing & Healthcare Profess, Berwick, Vic, Australia
La Trobe Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz:
Maharishi Markandeshwar Inst Med Sci & Res, Dept Community Med, Ambala, India
Rawaf, Salman:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Publ Hlth England, Acad Publ Hlth England, London, England
Rawaf, David Laith:
Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Univ Coll London Hosp, London, England
Rawal, Lal:
CQ Univ, Sch Hlth Med & Appl Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Reitsma, Marissa Bettay:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Roever, Leonardo:
Univ Fed Uberlandia, Dept Clin Res, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
Ronfani, Luca:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Roro, Elias Merdassa:
Wollega Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Roshandel, Gholamreza:
Golestan Univ Med Sci, GRCGH, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
Rudd, Kristina E.:
Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Crit Care Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA
Sabde, Yogesh Damodar:
Natl Inst Res Environm Hlth, Environm Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Bhopal, India
Sabour, Siamak:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Tehran, Iran
Saddik, Basema:
Univ Sharjah, Dept Family & Community Med, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates
Safari, Saeed:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Emergency Med, Tehran, Iran
Saleem, Komal:
Univ Manchester, Med & Human Sci Dept, Manchester, Lancs, England
UCL, Div Med, London, England
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.:
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Univ Belgrade, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Management, Belgrade, Serbia
Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao:
Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Infect Dis & Trop Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Sartorius, Benn:
Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London, England
Satpathy, Maheswar:
Utkal Univ, UGC Ctr Adv Study Psychol, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Udyam Global Assoc Sustainable Dev, Bhubaneswar, India
Savic, Miloje:
GSK Biol, Wavre, Belgium
Sawhney, Monika:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC USA
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Sheikh, Aziz:
Harvard Univ, Div Gen Internal Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Med Informat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Shigematsu, Mika:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Shirkoohi, Reza:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Canc Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Canc Biol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Si, Si:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Siabani, Soraya:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Dept Hlth Educ & Hlth Promot, Kermanshah, Iran
Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Singh, Virendra:
Asthma Bhawan, Dept Pulm Med, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Singh, Jasvinder A.:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sch Med, Birmingham, AL USA
US Dept Vet Affairs, Med Serv, Birmingham, AL USA
Soljak, Michael:
Nanyang Technol Univ, Lee Kong Chian Sch Med, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Somayaji, Ranjani:
Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA USA
Univ Calgary, Dept Med, Calgary, AB, Canada
Soofi, Moslem:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Social Dev & Hlth Promot Res Ctr, Kermanshah, Iran
Soyiri, Ireneous N.:
Univ Hull, Hull York Med Sch, Kingston Upon Hull, N Humberside, England
Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin:
Wollo Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Dessie, Ethiopia
Univ Adelaide, Sch Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani:
King Saud Univ, Pediat Intens Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tesfay, Berhe Etsay:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Thakur, Jarnail Singh:
Post Grad Inst Med Educ & Res, Sch Publ Hlth, Chandigarh, India
Toma, Alemayehu Toma:
Hawassa Univ, Dept Pharm, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Tortajada-Girbes, Miguel:
Univ Hosp Doctor Peset, Pediat Dept, Valencia, Spain
Univ Valencia, Dept Pediat Obstet & Gynecol, Valencia, Spain
Khanh Bao Tran:
Univ Auckland, Mol Med & Pathol, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Ctr, Clin Hematol & Toxicol, Auckland, New Zealand
Bach Xuan Tran:
Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Car, Lorainne Tudor:
Nanyang Technol Univ, Lee Kong Chian Sch Med, Singapore, Singapore
Ullah, Irfan:
Iqra Natl Univ, Dept Allied Hlth Sci, Peshawar, Pakistan
Vacante, Marco:
Univ Catania, Dept Gen Surg & Med Surg Specialties, Catania, Italy
Valdez, Pascual R.:
Argentine Soc Med, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Velez Sarsfield Hosp, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
van Boven, Job F. M.:
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani:
UKK Inst, Tampere, Finland
Veisani, Yousef:
Ilam Univ Med Sci, Psychosocial Injuries Res Ctr, Ilam, Iran
Violante, Francesco S.:
Univ Bologna, Dept Med & Surg Sci, Bologna, Italy
St Orsola Malpighi Hosp, Occupat Hlth Unit, Bologna, Italy
Wagner, Gregory R.:
Harvard Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Westerman, Ronny:
Fed Inst Populat Res, Competence Ctr Mortal Follow Up, German Natl Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
Wolfe, Charles D. A.:
Kings Coll London, Sch Populat Hlth & Environm Sci, London, England
Guys & St Thomas Hosp, NIHR Biomed Res Ctr, London, England
Kings Coll London, NIHR Biomed Res Ctr, London, England
Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu:
Mekelle Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Wondmieneh, Adam Belay:
Addis Ababa Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Wollo Univ, Dept Nursing, Dessie, Ethiopia
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Neuropsychopharmaol, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Juntendo Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Tokyo, Japan
Yoon, Seok-Jun:
Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Ferhat Abbas Setif, Dept Med, Setif, Algeria
Zamani, Mohammad:
Babol Univ Med Sci, Student Res Comm, Babol, Iran
Zar, Heather J.:
Med Res Council South Africa, Unit Child & Adolescent Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Univ Cape Town, Dept Paedt & Child Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Zhang, Yunquan:
Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Publ Hlth, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China
Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol, Hubei Prov Key Lab Occupat Hazard Identificat & C, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China
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