The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Por:
Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Safiri, Saeid, Bisignano, Catherine, Ikuta, Kevin S., Merat, Shahin, Saberifiroozi, Mehdi, Poustchi, Hossein, Tsoi, Derrick, Colombara, Danny V., Abdoli, Amir, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadian, Elham, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Angus, Colin, Anoushiravani, Amir, Arabloo, Jalal, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataeinia, Bahar, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borzi, Antonio M., Butt, Zahid A., Alberto Camera, Luis L. A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carvalho, Felix, Dinh-Toi Chu, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M., Cowie, Benjamin C., Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Djalalinia, Shirin, Hoa Thi Do, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce B., Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Etemadi, Arash, Farahmand, Mohammad, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Geta, Birhanu, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Alma Gutierrez, Reyna, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hamid, Saeed S., Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Henok, Andualem, Chi Linh Hoang, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Igumbor, Ehimario U., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Balalami, Nader Jafari, James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khan, Rovshan Khalilov Muhammad Ali, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khater, Amir, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi A, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Hue Thi Mai, Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Amir, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moradi, Ghobad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nayak, Vinod, Negoi, Ionut, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Tinuke O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Pathak, Mona, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad M., Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reiner, Jr., Robert C., Roever, Leonardo, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safari, Saeed, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sartorius, Benn, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soheili, Amin, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Vacante, Marco, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Giang Thu Vu, Waheed, Yasir, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zarghi, Afshin, Zelber-Sagi, Shira, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Naghavi, Mohsen and Malekzadeh, Reza
Publicada:
1 mar 2020
Resumen:
Background Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively
referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity
and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ
across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the
Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017
on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and
age, for 195 countries and territories.
Methods We used data from vital registrations, vital registration
samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled
prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the
basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years
(DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to
premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented
as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000
population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are
presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C,
alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and
other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with
those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy
for the development status of regions and countries.
Findings In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1.32 million (95% UI
1.27-1.45) deaths (440000 [416 000-518 000; 33.3%] in females and 883
000 [838 000-967 000; 66.7%] in males) globally, compared with less
than 899 000 (829 000-948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis
constituted 2.4% (2.3-2.6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared
with 1.9% (1.8-2.0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of
deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21.0 (19.2-22.3)
per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16.5 (15.8-18-1) per 100 000
population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised
death rate among GBD super-regions for all years of the study period
(32.2 [25.8-38.6] deaths per 100 000 population in 2017), and the
high-income super-region had the lowest (10.1 [9.8-10-5] deaths per
100 000 population in 2017). The age-standardised death rate decreased
or remained constant from 1990 to 2017 in all GBD regions except eastern
Europe and central Asia, where the age-standardised death rate
increased, primarily due to increases in alcohol-related liver disease
prevalence. At the national level, the age-standardised death rate of
cirrhosis was lowest in Singapore in 2017 (3.7 [3.3-4.0] per 100 000
in 2017) and highest in Egypt in all years since 1990 (103.3
[64.4-133.4] per 100 000 in 2017). There were 10.6 million (10.3-10.9)
prevalent cases of decompensated cirrhosis and 112 million (107-119)
prevalent cases of compensated cirrhosis globally in 2017. There was a
significant increase in age-standardised prevalence rate of
decompensated cirrhosis between 1990 and 2017. Cirrhosis caused by NASH
had a steady age-standardised death rate throughout the study period,
whereas the other four causes showed declines in age-standardised death
rate. The age-standardised prevalence of compensated and decompensated
cirrhosis due to NASH increased more than for any other cause of
cirrhosis (by 33.2% for compensated cirrhosis and 54.8% for
decompensated cirrhosis) over the study period. From 1990 to 2017, the
number of prevalent cases snore than doubled for compensated cirrhosis
due to NASH and more than tripled for decompensated cirrhosis due to
NASH. In 2017, age-standardised death and DALY rates were lower among
countries and territories with higher SDI.
Interpretation Cirrhosis imposes a substantial health burden on many
countries and this burden has increased at the global level since 1990,
partly due to population growth and ageing. Although the
age-standardised death and DALY rates of cirrhosis decreased from 1990
to 2017, numbers of deaths and DALYs and the proportion of all global
deaths due to cirrhosis increased. Despite the availability of effective
interventions for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and C,
they were still the main causes of cirrhosis burden worldwide,
particularly in low-income countries. The impact of hepatitis B and C is
expected to be attenuated and overtaken by that of NASH in the near
future. Cost-effective interventions are required to continue the
prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, and to achieve early
diagnosis and prevention of cirrhosis due to alcohol-related liver
disease and NASH. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by
Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Safiri, Saeid:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Aging Res Inst, Tabriz, Iran
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Dept Community Med, Tabriz, Iran
Bisignano, Catherine:
Reiner, Robert C
Ikuta, Kevin S.:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ Washington, Div Allergy & Infect Dis, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Merat, Shahin:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Saberifiroozi, Mehdi:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Poustchi, Hossein:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Tsoi, Derrick:
Reiner, Robert C
Colombara, Danny V.:
Reiner, Robert C
Abdoli, Amir:
Jahrom Univ Med Sci, Dept Parasitol, Jahrom, Iran
Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji:
Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Med Rehabil, Ife, Nigeria
Afarideh, Mohsen:
Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Agrawal, Sutapa:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
Ahmad, Sohail:
MAHSA Univ, Dept Clin Pharm, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
MAHSA Univ, Univ Teknol MARA UiTM, Fac Pharm, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
Ahmadian, Elham:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Pharmacol & Toxicol, Tabriz, Iran
Baku State Univ, Inst Radiat Problems Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ahmadpour, Ehsan:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Dept Parasitol, Tabriz, Iran
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Infect & Trop Dis Res Ctr, Tabriz, Iran
Akinyemiju, Tomi:
Duke Univ, Dept Populat Hlth Sci, Durham, NC USA
Duke Univ, Duke Global Hlth Inst, Durham, NC USA
Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet:
Intercountry Ctr Oral Hlth ICOH Africa, Dept Publ Hlth, Jos, Nigeria
Fed Minist Hlth, Dept Publ Hlth, Garki, Nigeria
Alipour, Vahid:
Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Econ Dept, Tehran, Iran
Almasi-Hashiani, Amir:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Arak, Iran
Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.:
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Coll Med, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.:
King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson:
Univ Cartagena, GIES, Cartagena, Colombia
Univ Coast, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia
Anber, Nahla Hamed:
Fac Med, Mansoura, Egypt
Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt
Angus, Colin:
Univ Sheffield, Sch Hlth & Related Res, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England
Anoushiravani, Amir:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Pharm, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Asmelash, Daniel:
Univ Gondar, Clin Chem Dept, Gondar, Ethiopia
Ataeinia, Bahar:
Endocrinol & Metab Res Inst, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Ataro, Zerihun:
Haramaya Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Harar, Ethiopia
Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi:
Univ Nottingham, Sch Nursing, Amman, Jordan
Ausloos, Floriane:
Univ Liege, Gastroenterol Dept, Liege, Belgium
Awasthi, Ashish:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Badawi, Alaa:
Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
Banach, Maciej:
Med Univ Lodz, Dept Hypertens, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Mem Hosp Res Inst, Lodz, Poland
Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda:
El Bosque Univ, Dept Med, Bogota, Colombia
Univ Hosp Fdn Santa Fe Bogota, Transplant Serv, Bogota, Colombia
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth:
United Arab Emirates Univ, Internal Med, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates
Charles Univ Prague, Social & Clin Pharm, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
Bhala, Neeraj:
Queen Elizabeth Hosp Birmingham, Inst Appl Hlth Res & Translat Med, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Univ Birmingham, IAHR ITM, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
Biondi, Antonio:
Univ Catania, Dept Gen Surg & Med Surg Specialties, Catania, Italy
Bolla, Srinivasa Rao:
Nazarbayev Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Nur Sultan City, Kazakhstan
Boloor, Archith:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Internal Med, Mangalore, India
Borzi, Antonio M.:
Univ Catania, Dept Gen Surg & Med Surg Specialties, Catania, Italy
Butt, Zahid A.:
Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Alberto Camera, Luis L. A.:
Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Med Interna, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Comis Direct, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.:
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Carvalho, Felix:
Univ Porto, UCIBIO, Porto, Portugal
Dinh-Toi Chu:
Hanoi Natl Univ Educ, Fac Biol, Hanoi, Vietnam
Chung, Sheng-Chia:
UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, England
Hlth Data Res UK, London, England
Cortesi, Paolo Angelo:
Univ Milano Bicocca, Sch Med & Surg, Monza, Italy
Costa, Vera M.:
Univ Porto, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Lab Toxicol,Fac Pharm, Porto, Portugal
Cowie, Benjamin C.:
Peter Doherty Inst Infect & Immun, WHO Collaborating Ctr Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Univ Melbourne, Dept Med, Parkville, Vic, Australia
Daryani, Ahmad:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
de Courten, Barbora:
Monash Univ, Monash Ctr Hlth Res & Implementat, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Monash Hlth, Dept Diabet & Vasc Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam:
Aksum Univ, Sch Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Desai, Rupak:
Atlanta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Cardiol, Decatur, GA USA
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ Peradeniya, Dept Community Med, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Djalalinia, Shirin:
Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Deputy Res & Technol, Tehran, Iran
Hoa Thi Do:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Dorostkar, Fariba:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Fac Allied Med, Tehran, Iran
Drake, Thomas M.:
Univ Edinburgh, Dept Clin Surg, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Dubey, Manisha:
World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
Duncan, Bruce B.:
Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Effiong, Andem:
Univ Newcastle, Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Eftekhari, Aziz:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Tabriz, Iran
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Pharmacol & Toxicol Dept, Maragheh, Iran
Elsharkawy, Aisha:
Cairo Univ, Endem Med & Hepatogastroentrol Dept, Cairo, Egypt
Etemadi, Arash:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Farahmand, Mohammad:
Sch Publ Hlth, Tehran, Iran
Farzadfar, Farshad:
Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Fernandes, Eduarda:
Univ Porto, REQUIMTE LAQV, Porto, Portugal
Filip, Irina:
Kaiser Permanente, Dept Psychiat, Fontana, CA USA
AT Still Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Mesa, AZ USA
Fischer, Florian:
Bielefeld Univ, Dept Populat Med & Hlth Serv Res, Bielefeld, Germany
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork:
Nursing Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Geta, Birhanu:
Wollo Univ, Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia
Gilani, Syed Amir:
Univ Lahore, Fac Allied Hlth Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Afro Asian Inst, Chairman BOG, Lahore, Pakistan
Gill, Paramjit Singh:
Univ Warwick, Unit Acad Primary Care, Coventry, W Midlands, England
Alma Gutierrez, Reyna:
Ramon de la Fuente Muniz Natl Inst Psychiat, Dept Epidemiol & Psychosocial Res, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Haile, Michael Tamene:
St Pauls Hosp Millennium Med Coll, Dept Nursing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin:
Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Obes Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Hamid, Saeed S.:
Aga Khan Univ, Med, Karachi, Pakistan
Hasankhani, Milad:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Sch Nutr & Food Sci, Tabriz, Iran
Hasanzadeh, Amir:
Dept Microbiol, Tehran, Iran
Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Maragheh, Iran
Hashemian, Maryam:
Utica Coll, Dept Biol, Utica, NY 13502 USA
Hassen, Hamid Yimam:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Tepi, Ethiopia
Univ Antwerp Hosp, Unit Epidemiol & Social Med, Antwerp, Belgium
Hay, Simon I.:
Reiner, Robert C
Hayat, Khezar:
Univ Vet & Anim Sci, Inst Pharmaceut Sci, Lahore, Pakistan
Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Pharm Adm & Clin Pharm, Xian, Peoples R China
Heidari, Behnam:
Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Henok, Andualem:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Tepi, Ethiopia
Chi Linh Hoang:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hostiuc, Mihaela:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bucharest, Romania
Hostiuc, Sorin:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Fac Dent, Dept Legal Med & Bioeth, Bucharest, Romania
Natl Inst Legal Med Mina Minovici, Clin Legal Med Dept, Bucharest, Romania
Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong:
China Med Univ, Dept Hlth Serv Adm, Taichung, Taiwan
Igumbor, Ehimario U.:
Univ Western Cape, Sch Publ Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Walter Sisulu Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Mthatha, South Africa
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen:
Univ Ibadan, Dept Community Med, Ibadan, Nigeria
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
Balalami, Nader Jafari:
Babol Noshirvani Univ Technol, Dept Psychosis, Babol Sar, Iran
James, Spencer L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Jeemon, Panniyammakal:
Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Achutha Menon Ctr Hlth Sci Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Mannheim, Germany
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Key Lab, Beijing, Peoples R China
Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy:
Univ Opole, Dept Family Med & Publ Hlth, Opole, Poland
Kabir, Ali:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Minimally Invas Surg Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Kasaeian, Amir:
Hematol Oncol & Stem Cell Transplantat Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Iran Univ Med Sci, Pars Adv & Minimally Invas Med Manners Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Pharm, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Kefale, Adane Teshome:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Pharm Dept, Tepi, Ethiopia
Khan, Rovshan Khalilov Muhammad Ali:
Baku State Univ, Dept Physiol, Baku, Azerbaijan
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Epidemiol & Biostat Dept, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khater, Amir:
Natl Hepatol & Trop Res Inst, Internal Med & Gastroenterol Dept, Cairo, Egypt
Kim, Yun Jin:
Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sch Med, Xiamen, Malaysia
Koyanagi A:
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Pk, CIBERSAM, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
La Vecchia, Carlo:
Univ Milan, Clin Med & Community Hlth, Milan, Italy
Lim, Lee-Ling:
Univ Malaya, Dept Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Shatin, Dept Med & Therapeut, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Lopez, Alan D.:
Univ Melbourne, Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Parkville, Vic, Australia
Lorkowski, Stefan:
Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Nutr, Jena, Germany
Competence Cluster Nutr & Cardiovasc Hlth nutriCA, Jena, Germany
Lotufo, Paulo A.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Lozano, Rafael:
Reiner, Robert C
Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy:
Aswan Fac Med, Ophthalmol Dept, Aswan, Egypt
Hue Thi Mai:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Manafi, Navid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Ophthalmol Dept, Tehran, Iran
Univ Manitoba, Ophthalmol Dept, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Manafi, Amir:
Univ Virginia, Dept Surg, Charlottesville, VA USA
Mansournia, Mohammad Ali:
Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Tehran, Iran
Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni:
Univ Milano Bicocca, Sch Med & Surg, Monza, Italy
IRCCS MultiMed, Value Based Healthcare Unit, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Mazzaglia, Giampiero:
Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Med, Monza, Italy
Mehta, Dhruv:
New York Med Coll, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatobiliary Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
Mendoza, Walter:
UN Populat Fund UNFPA, Peru Country Off, Lima, Peru
Menezes, Ritesh G.:
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Forens Med Div, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Mengesha, Melkamu Merid:
Haramaya Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Harar, Ethiopia
Meretoja, Tuomo J.:
Helsinki Univ Hosp, Breast Surg Unit, Helsinki, Finland
Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Mestrovic, Tomislav:
Zora Profozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Univ North, Univ Ctr Varazdin, Varazhdin, Croatia
Miazgowski, Bartosz:
Pomeranian Med Univ, Ctr Innovat Med Educ, Szczecin, Poland
Miller, Ted R.:
Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.:
Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Fac Internal Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Dis, Dept Atherosclerosis & Coronary Heart Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Mithra, Prasanna:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Community Med, Mangalore, India
Moazen, Babak:
Heidelberg Univ, HIGH, Mannheim, Germany
Frankfurt Univ Appl Sci, Inst Addict Res ISFF, Frankfurt, Germany
Moghadaszadeh, Masoud:
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Tabriz, Iran
Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Mol Med Res Ctr, Tabriz, Iran
Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah:
Shahrekord Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Shahrekord, Iran
Mohammed, Shafiu:
Heidelberg Univ, HIGH, Mannheim, Germany
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Hlth Syst & Policy Res Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Montero-Zamora, Pablo A.:
Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Univ Miami, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Miami, FL USA
Moradi, Ghobad:
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sanandaj, Iran
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Sanandaj, Iran
Naimzada, Mukhammad David:
Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Lab Publ Hlth Indicators Anal & Hlth Digitalizat, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
Kursk State Med Univ, Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Expt Surg & Oncol Lab, Kursk, Russia
Nayak, Vinod:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Forens Med & Toxicol, Mangalore, India
Negoi, Ionut:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania
Emergency Hosp Bucharest, Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania
Trang Huyen Nguyen:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Ofori-Asenso, Richard:
Monash Univ, Ctr Cardiovasc Res & Educ Therapeut, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Oh, In-Hwan:
Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea
Olagunju, Tinuke O.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao:
Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Forens Med, Kasturba Med Coll, Mangalore, India
Pakshir, Keyvan:
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Parasitol & Mycol, Shiraz, Iran
Pana, Adrian:
Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania
Ctr Hlth Outcomes Evaluat, Bucharest, Romania
Pathak, Mona:
Kalinga Inst Med Sci, Res & Publicat Cell, Bhubaneswar, India
Pourshams, Akram:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Rabiee, Navid:
Sharif Univ Technol, Dept Chem, Tehran, Iran
Radfar, Amir:
AT Still Univ, Coll Grad Hlth Sci, Mesa, AZ USA
Univ Cent Florida, Coll Med, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
Rafiei, Alireza:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Sari, Iran
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Mol & Cell Biol Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Ramezanzadeh, Kiana:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Rana, Saleem Muhammad M.:
Univ Lahore, Univ Inst Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan
Univ Hlth Sci, Publ Hlth Dept, Lahore, Pakistan
Rawaf, Salman:
Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England
Publ Hlth England, Acad Publ Hlth Dept, London, England
Rawaf, David Laith:
Imperial Coll London, WHO Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England
Univ Coll London Hosp, London, England
Roever, Leonardo:
Univ Fed Uberlandia, Dept Clin Res, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
Room, Robin:
La Trobe Univ, Ctr Alcohol Policy Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Stockholm Univ, Ctr Social Res Alcohol & Drugs, Stockholm, Sweden
Roshandel, Gholamreza:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Golestan Univ Med Sci, Golestan Res Ctr Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
Safari, Saeed:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Emergency Dept, Tehran, Iran
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Sanabria, Juan:
Marshall Univ, Dept Surg, Huntington, WV USA
Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Nutr & Prevent Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Sartorius, Benn:
Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
London Sch Hyg Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London, England
Schmidt, Maria Ines:
Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Senthilkumaran, Subramanian:
Manian Med Ctr, Emergency Dept, Erode, India
Shaikh, Masood Ali:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Sharif, Mehdi:
Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Basic Sci, Sari, Iran
Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Lab Sci, Sari, Iran
Sharifi, Amrollah:
Golestan Univ Med Sci, Golestan Res Ctr Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
Shigematsu, Mika:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Singh, Jasvinder A.:
Dept Med, Birmingham, AL USA
US Dept Vet Affairs VA, Med Serv, Birmingham, AL USA
Soheili, Amin:
Urmia Univ Med Sci, Med Surg Nursing Dept, Orumiyeh, Iran
Semnan Univ Med Sci, Emergency Nursing Dept, Semnan, Iran
Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul:
Univ Melbourne, Dept Agr & Food Syst, Parkville, Vic, Australia
Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Tesfay, Berhe Etsay:
Adigrat Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Vacante, Marco:
Univ Catania, Dept Gen Surg & Med Surg Specialties, Catania, Italy
Vahedian-Azimi, Amir:
Baqiyatallah Univ Med Sci, Trauma Res Ctr, Nursing Facil, Tehran, Iran
Valdez, Pascual R.:
Argentine Soc Med, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Velez Sarsfield Hosp, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani:
UKK Inst, Tampere, Finland
Giang Thu Vu:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Waheed, Yasir:
Fdn Univ, Fdn Univ Med Coll, Islamabad, Pakistan
Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey:
Mekelle Univ, Clin Pharm Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Werdecker, Andrea:
Fed Inst Populat Res, Demog Change & Ageing Res Area, Wiesbaden, Germany
Ctr Populat & Hlth, Wiesbaden, Germany
Westerman, Ronny:
Fed Inst Populat Res, Competence Ctr Mortal Follow Up, German Natl Cohort, Wiesbaden, Germany
Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu:
Dept Pharmacol, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mekelle Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Coll Hlth Sci, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Wondmieneh, Adam Belay:
Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Wollo Univ, Nursing, Dessie, Ethiopia
Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew:
Arba Minch Univ, Nursing, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, Japan
Yu, Chuanhua:
Wuhan Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Wuhan Univ, Global Hlth Inst, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Hosp Setif, Dept Epidemiol, Setif, Algeria
Zarghi, Afshin:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Med & Pharmaceut Chem, Tehran, Iran
Zelber-Sagi, Shira:
Univ Haifa, Sch Publ Hlth, Fac Social Welf & Hlth Sci, Haifa, Israel
Tel Aviv Saurasky Med Ctr, Gastroenterol Dept, Tel Aviv, Israel
Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu:
Mekelle Univ, Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Zhang, Zhi-Jiang:
Wuhan Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Zhao, Xiu-Ju:
Wuhan Polytech Univ, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Naghavi, Mohsen:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Malekzadeh, Reza:
SHARIATI Hosp, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran
Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran
Green Published, hybrid, Green Accepted
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