Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Por:
Troeger, Christopher E., Khalil, Ibrahim A., Blacker, Brigette F., Biehl, Molly H., Albertson, Samuel B., Zimsen, Stephanie R. M., Rao, Puja C., Abate, Degu, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Noore, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A., Awad, Samah, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat Q, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Car, Josip, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Christopher, Devasahayam J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Fullman, Nancy, Gardner, William M., Geta, Birhanu, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamidi, Samer, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Chi Linh Hoang, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hussain, Zakir, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, James, Spencer L., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Karch, Andre, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T., Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi A, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Li, Shanshan, Lodha, Rakesh, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Majdan, Marek, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, H., Melese, Addisu, Memish, Ziad A., Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moore, Catrin E., Mosser, Jonathan F., Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Murthy, Srinivas, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nazari, Javad, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nixon, Molly R., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Mahesh, P. A., Pakhale, Smita, Postma, Maarten J., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Jesus Rios-Blancas, Maria, Ronfani, Luca, Rosettie, Katherine, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Zikria, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Smith, David L., Soriano, Joan B., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Teklu, Teklay G. E., Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tessema, Belay, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel L., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Wada, Fiseha Wadilo, Waheed, Yasir, Weaver, Marcia, Wiens, Kirsten E., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zar, Heather J., Zarghi, Afshin, Lim, Stephen S., Vos, Theo, Mokdad, Ali H., Murray, Christopher J. L., Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Hay, Simon I., Reiner, Jr., Robert C. and GBD 2017 Diarrhoeal Dis
Publicada:
1 ene 2020
Categoría:
Infectious diseases
Resumen:
Background Many countries have shown marked declines in diarrhoea!
disease mortality among children younger than 5 years. With this
analysis, we provide updated results on diarrhoeal disease mortality
among children younger than 5 years from the Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) and use the study's
comparative risk assessment to quantify trends and effects of risk
factors, interventions, and broader sociodemographic development on
mortality changes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017.
Methods This analysis for GBD 2017 had three main components. Diarrhoea
mortality was modelled using vital registration data, demographic
surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive, Bayesian,
ensemble modelling tool; and the attribution of risk factors and
interventions for diarrhoea were modelled in a counterfactual framework
that combines modelled population-level prevalence of the exposure to
each risk or intervention with the relative risk of diarrhoea given
exposure to that factor. We assessed the relative and absolute change in
diarrhoea mortality rate between 1990 and 2017, and used the change in
risk factor exposure and sociodemographic status to explain differences
in the trends of diarrhoea mortality among children younger than 5
years.
Findings Diarrhoea was responsible for an estimated 533 768 deaths (95%
uncertainty interval 477 162-593 145) among children younger than 5
years globally in 2017, a rate of 78.4 deaths (70.1-87.1) per 100 000
children. The diarrhoea mortality rate ranged between countries by over
685 deaths per 100 000 children. Diarrhoea mortality per 100 000
globally decreased by 69.6% (63.1-74.6) between 1990 and 2017. Among
the risk factors considered in this study, those responsible for the
largest declines in the diarrhoea mortality rate were reduction in
exposure to unsafe sanitation (13.3% decrease, 11.2-15.5), childhood
wasting (9.9% decrease, 9.6-10.2), and low use of oral rehydration
solution (6.9% decrease, 4-8-8-4).
Interpretation Diarrhoea mortality has declined substantially since
1990, although there are variations by country. Improvements in
sociodemographic indicators might explain some of these trends, but
changes in exposure to risk factors-particularly unsafe sanitation,
childhood growth failure, and low use of oral rehydration
solution-appear to be related to the relative and absolute rates of
decline in diarrhoea mortality. Although the most effective
interventions might vary by country or region, identifying and scaling
up the interventions aimed at preventing and protecting against
diarrhoea that have already reduced diarrhoea mortality could further
avert many thousands of deaths due to this illness. Copyright (C) 2019
The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Troeger, Christopher E.:
Reiner, Robert C
Khalil, Ibrahim A.:
Reiner, Robert C
Blacker, Brigette F.:
Reiner, Robert C
Biehl, Molly H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Albertson, Samuel B.:
Reiner, Robert C
Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.:
Reiner, Robert C
Rao, Puja C.:
Reiner, Robert C
Abate, Degu:
Haramaya Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Harar, Ethiopia
Ahmadi, Alireza:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Dept Anesthesiol, Kermanshah, Iran
Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim:
Univ Mohammed 5, Dept Biol, Rabat, Morocco
Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Res Publ Hlth, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Akal, Chalachew Genet:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Alahdab, Fares:
Mayo Clin, Fdn Med Educ & Res, Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA
Alam, Noore:
Queensland Hlth, Prevent Div, Herston, Qld, Australia
Alene, Kefyalew Addis:
Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Gondar, Ethiopia
Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Alipour, Vahid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed:
Kuwait Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Safat, Kuwait
Natl Univ Malaysia, Int Ctr Casemix & Clin Coding, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.:
King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson:
Univ Cartagena, Res Grp Hlth Econ, Cartagena, Colombia
Univ Costa, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia
Amini, Saeed:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Hlth Serv Management Dept, Arak, Iran
Anber, Nahla Hamed:
Mansoura Univ, Fac Med, Mansoura, Egypt
Anjomshoa, Mina:
Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Rafsanjan, Iran
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.:
Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, Manila, Philippines
Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Appl Social Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Aremu, Olatunde:
Birmingham City Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Atalay, Hagos Tasew:
Aksum Univ, Dept Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia
Atique, Suleman:
Univ Lahore, Univ Inst Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan
Univ Hail, Dept Publ Hlth, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A.:
Benin Clin Res Inst, Abomey Calavi, Benin
Lab Studies & Res Act Hlth, Controle Malad Infect, Porto Novo, Benin
Awad, Samah:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Pediat & Neonatol, Ramtha, Jordan
Awasthi, Ashish:
Inst Publ Hlth, Gandhinagar, India
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Badawi, Alaa:
Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
Balakrishnan, Kalpana:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar:
Alexandria Univ, Fac Med, Alexandria, Egypt
Barac, Aleksandra:
Clin Ctr Serbia, Clin Infect & Trop Dis, Belgrade, Serbia
Bassat Q:
Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Bedi, Neeraj:
Gandhi Med Coll Bhopal, Dept Community Med, Bhopal, India
Jazan Univ, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Bennett, Derrick A.:
Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.:
Univ Toronto, Ctr Global Child Hlth, Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan
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Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol Sar, Iran
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Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial Coll London, Global eHlth Unit, London, England
Carvalho, Felix:
Univ Porto, Appl Mol Biosci Unit, Porto, Portugal
Univ Porto, Inst Publ Hlth, Porto, Portugal
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.:
Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia
Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia
Christopher, Devasahayam J.:
Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Dandona, Lalit:
Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
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Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
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Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Deshpande, Aniruddha:
Reiner, Robert C
Djalalinia, Shirin:
Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Deputy Res & Technol, Tehran, Iran
Dubey, Manisha:
United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
Dubljanin, Eleonora:
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Duken, Eyasu Ejeta:
Wollega Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Jimma Univ, Mycobacteriol Res Ctr, Jimma, Ethiopia
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed:
Mansoura Univ, Dept Clin Pathol, Mansoura, Egypt
Endries, Aman Yesuf:
St Pauls Hosp, Millennium Med Coll, Dept Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Fernandes, Eduarda:
Univ Porto, Ctr Excellence Green Chem Chem & Technol Network, Porto, Portugal
Fischer, Florian:
Bielefeld Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Bielefeld, Germany
Fullman, Nancy:
Reiner, Robert C
Gardner, William M.:
Reiner, Robert C
Geta, Birhanu:
Wollo Univ, Dept Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia
Ghadiri, Keyghobad:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Kermanshah, Iran
Gorini, Giuseppe:
Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Occupat & Environm Epidemiol Sect, Florence, Italy
Goulart, Alessandra C.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Clin & Epidemiol Res, Univ Hosp, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Internal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Guo, Yuming:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Zhengzhou Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Zhengzhou, Henan, Peoples R China
Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa:
Mekelle Univ, Div Biomed Sci, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Obes Res Ctr, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
Haj-Mirzaian, Arya:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD USA
Hamidi, Samer:
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates
Hassen, Hamid Yimam:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Teppi, Ethiopia
Univ Hosp Antwerp, Unit Epidemiol & Social Med, Antwerp, Belgium
Chi Linh Hoang:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hostiuc, Mihaela:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bucharest, Romania
Hussain, Zakir:
Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan, Prov TB Control Program, Dept Hlth, Gilgit, Pakistan
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
James, Spencer L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Mannheim, Germany
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Karch, Andre:
Univ Munster, Inst Epidemiol & Social Med, Munster, Germany
Kasaeian, Amir:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Hematol Malignancies Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Hematol Oncol & Stem Cell Transplantat Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale:
Mekelle Univ, Clin Pharm Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Kassebaum, Nicholas J.:
Reiner, Robert C
Univ Washington, Dept Anesthesiol & Pain Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Kefale, Adane Teshome:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Pharm, Teppi, Ethiopia
Khader, Yousef Saleh:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth & Community Med, Ramtha, Jordan
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman:
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam Univ, Dept Populat Sci, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Univ Newcastle, Publ Hlth, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Khang, Young-Ho:
Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Inst Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea
Khoja, Abdullah T.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.:
Simmons Coll, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Kisa, Adnan:
Kristiania Univ Coll, Dept Hlth Management & Hlth Econ, Oslo, Norway
Univ South Carolina, Dept Hlth Serv Policy & Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
Kisa, Sezer:
Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Kissoon, Niranjan:
Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Kochhar, Sonali:
Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Erasmus MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Koyanagi A:
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Biomed Res Networking Ctr Mental Hlth Network, San Juan Dios Sanitary Pk, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate:
Univ Montreal, Dept Demog, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Univ Montreal, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Leshargie, Cheru Tesema:
Debre Markos Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Li, Shanshan:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Lodha, Rakesh:
All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Paediat, New Delhi, India
Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King:
Univ Philippines Manila, Dev & Commun Studies, Manila, Philippines
Harvard Univ, Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Majdan, Marek:
Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia
Mamun, Abdullah A.:
Univ Queensland, Social Sci Res Inst, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Manguerra, H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Melese, Addisu:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Memish, Ziad A.:
Minist Hlth, Res Dept, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hosp, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Med, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Meretoja, Tuomo J.:
Helsinki Univ Hosp, Breast Surg Unit, Helsinki, Finland
Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Mestrovic, Tomislav:
Dr Zora Profozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Univ North, Univ Ctr Varazdin, Varazhdin, Croatia
Miazgowski, Bartosz:
Pomeranian Med Univ, Ctr Innovat Med Educ, Szczecin, Poland
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.:
Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Fac Gen Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Dis, Dept Atherosclerosis & Coronary Heart Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Moazen, Babak:
Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Mannheim, Germany
Frankfurt Univ Appl Sci, Res Inst Addict, Frankfurt, Germany
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin:
Salahaddin Univ, Dept Biol, Erbil, Iraq
ISHIK Univ, Erbil, Iraq
Mohammed, Shafiu:
Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Mannheim, Germany
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Hlth Syst & Policy Res Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
Monasta, Lorenzo:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Moore, Catrin E.:
Univ Oxford, Big Data Inst, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford, England
Mosser, Jonathan F.:
Reiner, Robert C
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Hlth Management & Econ, Tehran, Iran
Murthy, Srinivas:
Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Mustafa, Ghulam:
Nishtar Med Univ, Dept Pediat Med, Multan, Pakistan
Inst Mother & Child Care, Dept Pediat & Pediat Pulmonol, Multan, Pakistan
Nazari, Javad:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Arak, Iran
Iranian Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran
Cuong Tat Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Long Hoang Nguyen:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Nisar, Muhammad Imran:
Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan
Nixon, Molly R.:
Reiner, Robert C
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene:
Western Sydney Univ, Translat Hlth Res Inst, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Okoro, Anselm:
Soc Family Hlth Nigeria, Dept Res Measurement & Results, Abuja, Nigeria
Olagunju, Andrew T.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria
Olagunju, Tinuke O.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Mahesh, P. A.:
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Univ, Dept TB & Resp Med, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Pakhale, Smita:
Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Dept Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Postma, Maarten J.:
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Econ & Business, Groningen, Netherlands
Qorbani, Mostafa:
Alborz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Karaj, Iran
Quansah, Reginald:
Univ Ghana, Sch Publ Hlth, Accra, Ghana
Rafiei, Alireza:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Sari, Iran
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Mol & Cell Biol Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Rahim, Fakher:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Mol Cellular Sci Inst, Tehran, Iran
Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Res Ctr, Ahvaz, Iran
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sina Trauma & Surg Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Rai, Rajesh Kumar:
Soc Hlth & Demog Surveillance, Suri, India
Univ Goettingen, Dept Econ, Gottingen, Germany
Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Pediat Infect Dis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Rezapour, Aziz:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Jesus Rios-Blancas, Maria:
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Ronfani, Luca:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Rosettie, Katherine:
Reiner, Robert C
Rothenbacher, Dietrich:
Ulm Univ, Inst Epidemiol & Med Biometry, Ulm, Germany
Safari, Saeed:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Emergency Dept, Tehran, Iran
Saleem, Zikria:
Rashid Latif Coll Pharm, Lahore, Pakistan
Sambala, Evanson Zondani:
South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Milicevic, Milena M. Santric:
Univ Belgrade, Ctr Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth, Belgrade, Serbia
Sartorius, Benn:
Reiner, Robert C
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London, England
Sawhney, Monika:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC USA
Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Invas Fungi Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Ctr Expertise Microbiol, Tehran, Iran
Sheikh, Aziz:
Harvard Univ, Div Gen Internal Med & Primary Care, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Univ Edinburgh, Usher Inst Populat Hlth Sci & Informat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Shigematsu, Mika:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Smith, David L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Soriano, Joan B.:
Autonomous Univ Madrid, Hosp Univ Princesa, Madrid, Spain
Inst Hlth Carlos III, Ctr Invest Red Enfermedades Resp, Madrid, Spain
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.:
Int Med Univ, Div Community Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.:
Reiner, Robert C
Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale:
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Dept Community Med, Zaria, Nigeria
Teklu, Teklay G. E.:
Univ Gondar, Dept Med Microbiol, Gondar, Ethiopia
Mekelle Univ, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani:
Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Saud Univ, Dept Pediat, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tessema, Belay:
Univ Gondar, Dept Med Microbiol, Gondar, Ethiopia
Bach Xuan Tran:
Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Khanh Bao Tran:
Univ Auckland, Mol Med & Pathol, Auckland, New Zealand
Mil Med Univ, Clin Hematol & Toxicol, Hanoi, Vietnam
Ullah, Irfan:
Gomal Univ, Gomal Ctr Biochem & Biotechnol, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Mufti Mehmood Mem Teaching Hosp, TB Culture Lab, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Updike, Rachel L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani:
UKK Inst, Tampere, Finland
Veisani, Yousef:
Ilam Univ Med Sci, Psychosocial Injuries Res Ctr, Ilam, Iran
Wada, Fiseha Wadilo:
Wolaita Sodo Univ, Dept Med, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Microbial Cellular & Mol Biol, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Waheed, Yasir:
Fdn Univ, Fdn Univ Med Coll, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Weaver, Marcia:
Reiner, Robert C
Wiens, Kirsten E.:
Reiner, Robert C
Wiysonge, Charles Shey:
South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Global Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Yimer, Ebrahim M.:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, Japan
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Hosp Setif, Dept Epidemiol, Setif, Algeria
Zar, Heather J.:
Univ Cape Town, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Zarghi, Afshin:
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Dept Med & Pharmaceut Chem, Tehran, Iran
Lim, Stephen S.:
Reiner, Robert C
Vos, Theo:
Reiner, Robert C
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Murray, Christopher J. L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe:
Reiner, Robert C
Hay, Simon I.:
Reiner, Robert C
hybrid, Green Published, Green Submitted, Green Accepted
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