Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Por:
Troeger, Christopher E., Khalil, Ibrahim A., Blacker, Brigette F., Biehl, Molly H., Albertson, Samuel B., Zimsen, Stephanie R. M., Rao, Puja C., Abate, Degu, Admasie, Amha, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Noore, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A., Awad, Samah, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat Q, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bills, Corey B., Car, Josip, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Causey, Kate, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Frostad, Joseph, Fullman, Nancy, Gardner, William M., Geta, Birhanu, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goulart, Alessandra C., Guo, Yuming, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamidi, Samer, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Chi Linh Hoang, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hussain, Zakir, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, James, Spencer L., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Karch, Andre, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T., Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D., Kochhar, Sonali, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi A, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lodha, Rakesh, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Majdan, Marek, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manguerra, Helena, Mehta, Varshil, Melese, Addisu, Memish, Ziad A., Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moore, Catrin E., Morawska, Lidia, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Murthy, Srinivas, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nazari, Javad, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nielsen, Katie R., Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nixon, Molly R., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Mahesh, P. A., Pakhale, Smita, Postma, Maarten J., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Jesus Rios-Blancas, Maria, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubino, Salvatore, Saleem, Zikria, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Sbarra, Alyssa, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Smith, David L., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tessema, Belay, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel L., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Wada, Fiseha Wadilo, Waheed, Yasir, Welgan, Katie, Wiens, Kirsten E., Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zar, Heather J., Lim, Stephen S., Vos, Theo, Mokdad, Ali H., Murray, Christopher J. L., Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Hay, Simon I., Reiner, Jr., Robert C. and GBD Lower Resp Infect
Publicada:
1 ene 2020
Categoría:
Infectious diseases
Resumen:
Background Despite large reductions in under-5 lower respiratory
infection (LRI) mortality in many locations, the pace of progress for
LRIs has generally lagged behind that of other childhood infectious
diseases. To better inform programmes and policies focused on preventing
and treating LRIs, we assessed the contributions and patterns of risk
factor attribution, intervention coverage, and sociodemographic
development in 195 countries and territories by drawing from the Global
Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) LRI
estimates.
Methods We used four strategies to model LRI burden: the mortality due
to LRIs was modelled using vital registration data, demographic
surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive ensemble
modelling tool; the incidence of LRIs was modelled using population
representative surveys, health-care utilisation data, and scientific
literature in a compartmental meta-regression tool; the attribution of
risk factors for LRI mortality was modelled in a counterfactual
framework; and trends in LRI mortality were analysed applying changes in
exposure to risk factors over time. In GBD, infectious disease
mortality, including that due to LRI, is among HIV-negative individuals.
We categorised locations based on their burden in 1990 to make
comparisons in the changing burden between 1990 and 2017 and evaluate
the relative percent change in mortality rate, incidence, and risk
factor exposure to explain differences in the health loss associated
with LRIs among children younger than 5 years.
Findings In 2017, LRIs caused 808 920 deaths (95% uncertainty interval
747 286-873 591) in children younger than 5 years. Since 1990, there has
been a substantial decrease in the number of deaths (from 2 337 538 to
808 920 deaths; 65.4% decrease, 61.5-68.5) and in mortality rate (from
362.7 deaths [3304-392.0] per 100 000 children to 118.9 deaths
[109.8-128.3] per 100 000 children; 67.2% decrease, 63.5-70.1). LRI
incidence dedined globally (32.4% decrease, 27.2-37.5). The percent
change in under-5 mortality rate and incidence has varied across
locations. Among the risk factors assessed in this study, those
responsible for the greatest decrease in under-5 LRI mortality between
1990 and 2017 were increased coverage of vaccination against Haemophilus
influenza type b (11.4% decrease, 0.0-24.5), increased pneumococcal
vaccine coverage (6.3% decrease, 6.1-6.3), and reductions in household
air pollution (8.4%, 6 8-9.2).
Interpretation Our findings show that there have been substantial but
uneven declines in LRI mortality among countries between 1990 and 2017.
Although improvements in indicators of sociodemographic development
could explain some of these trends, changes in exposure to modifiable
risk factors are related to the rates of decline in LRI mortality. No
single intervention would universally accelerate reductions in health
loss associated with LRIs in all settings, but emphasising the most
dominant risk factors, particularly in countries with high case
fatality, can contribute to the reduction of preventable deaths.
Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Filiaciones:
Troeger, Christopher E.:
Reiner, Robert C
Khalil, Ibrahim A.:
Reiner, Robert C
Blacker, Brigette F.:
Reiner, Robert C
Biehl, Molly H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Albertson, Samuel B.:
Reiner, Robert C
Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.:
Reiner, Robert C
Rao, Puja C.:
Reiner, Robert C
Abate, Degu:
Haramaya Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Harar, Ethiopia
Admasie, Amha:
Wolaita Sodo Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Ahmadi, Alireza:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Dept Anesthesiol, Kermanshah, Iran
Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim:
Univ Mohammed 5, Dept Biol, Rabat, Morocco
Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Res Publ Hlth, Nouakchott, Mauritania
Akal, Chalachew Genet:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Alahdab, Fares:
Mayo Clin, Fdn Med Educ & Res, Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA
Alam, Noore:
Queensland Hlth, Prevent Div, Herston, Qld, Australia
Alene, Kefyalew Addis:
Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Gondar, Ethiopia
Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Alipour, Vahid:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed:
Kuwait Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Safat, Kuwait
Natl Univ Malaysia, Int Ctr Casemix & Clin Coding, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.:
King Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson:
Univ Cartagena, Hlth Econ Res Grp, Cartagena, Colombia
Univ Costa, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia
Amini, Saeed:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Hlth Serv Management Dept, Arak, Iran
Anjomshoa, Mina:
Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Rafsanjan, Iran
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.:
Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, Manila, Philippines
Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Appl Social Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Arabloo, Jalal:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Aremu, Olatunde:
Birmingham City Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Atalay, Hagos Tasew:
Aksum Univ, Dept Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia
Atique, Suleman:
Univ Lahore, Univ Inst Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan
Univ Hail, Dept Publ Hlth, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A.:
Benin Clin Res Inst, Abomey Calavi, Benin
Lab Studies & Res Act Hlth, Controle Malad Infect, Porto Novo, Benin
Awad, Samah:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Pediat & Neonatol, Ramtha, Jordan
Awasthi, Ashish:
Indian Inst Publ Hlth, Gandhinagar, India
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Badawi, Alaa:
Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada
Balakrishnan, Kalpana:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar:
Alexandria Univ, Fac Med, Alexandria, Egypt
Barac, Aleksandra:
Clin Ctr Serbia, Clin Infect & Trop Dis, Belgrade, Serbia
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Bassat Q:
Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Bedi, Neeraj:
Gandhi Med Coll Bhopal, Dept Community Med, Bhopal, India
Jazan Univ, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Bennett, Derrick A.:
Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England
Bhattacharyya, Krittika:
Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India
Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.:
Univ Toronto, Ctr Global Child Hlth, Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan
Bijani, Ali:
Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol Sar, Iran
Bills, Corey B.:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Emergency Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Global Hlth Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Car, Josip:
Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial Coll London, Global eHlth Unit, London, England
Carvalho, Felix:
Univ Porto, Appl Mol Biosci Unit, Porto, Portugal
Univ Porto, Inst Publ Hlth, Porto, Portugal
Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.:
Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia
Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia
Causey, Kate:
Reiner, Robert C
Christopher, Devasahayam J.:
Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Cohen, Aaron J.:
Reiner, Robert C
Hlth Effects Inst, Boston, MA USA
Dandona, Lalit:
Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Dandona, Rakhi:
Reiner, Robert C
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Daryani, Ahmad:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Djalalinia, Shirin:
Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Deputy Res & Technol, Tehran, Iran
Dubey, Manisha:
UN World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
Dubljanin, Eleonora:
Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia
Duken, Eyasu Ejeta:
Wollega Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Jimma Univ, Mycobacteriol Res Ctr, Jimma, Ethiopia
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed:
Mansoura Univ, Dept Clin Pathol, Mansoura, Egypt
Endries, Aman Yesuf:
St Pauls Hosp Millennium Med Coll, Dept Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Fernandes, Eduarda:
Univ Porto, Ctr Excellence Green Chem Chem & Technol Network, Porto, Portugal
Fischer, Florian:
Bielefeld Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Bielefeld, Germany
Frostad, Joseph:
Reiner, Robert C
Fullman, Nancy:
Reiner, Robert C
Gardner, William M.:
Reiner, Robert C
Geta, Birhanu:
Wollo Univ, Dept Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia
Ghadiri, Keyghobad:
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Kermanshah, Iran
Gorini, Giuseppe:
Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Occupat & Environm Epidemiol Sect, Florence, Italy
Goulart, Alessandra C.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Univ Hosp, Ctr Clin & Epidemiol Res, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Internal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Guo, Yuming:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Zhengzhou Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Zhengzhou, Henan, Peoples R China
Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa:
Mekelle Univ, Div Biomed Sci, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Obes Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Haj-Mirzaian, Arya:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD USA
Hamidi, Samer:
Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates
Hassen, Hamid Yimam:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Teppi, Ethiopia
Univ Hosp Antwerp, Unit Epidemiol & Social Med, Antwerp, Belgium
Chi Linh Hoang:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Horita, Nobuyuki:
Yokohama City Univ, Dept Pulmonol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
Hostiuc, Mihaela:
Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania
Bucharest Emergency Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bucharest, Romania
Hussain, Zakir:
Dept Hlth, Prov TB Control Program, Gilgit, Pakistan
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran
James, Spencer L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Jha, Ravi Prakash:
Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, Mannheim, Germany
Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China
Karch, Andre:
Univ Munster, Inst Epidemiol & Social Med, Munster, Germany
Kasaeian, Amir:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Hematol Malignancies Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Hematol Oncol & Stem Cell Transplantat Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale:
Mekelle Univ, Clin Pharm Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Kassebaum, Nicholas J.:
Univ Washington, Dept Anesthesiol & Pain Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Reiner, Robert C
Kefale, Adane Teshome:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Pharm, Teppi, Ethiopia
Khader, Yousef Saleh:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth & Community Med, Ramtha, Jordan
Khan, Ejaz Ahmad:
Hlth Serv Acad, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Islamabad, Pakistan
Khan, Gulfaraz:
United Arab Emirates Univ, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates
Khan, Md Nuruzzaman:
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam Univ, Dept Populat Sci, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Univ Newcastle, Dept Publ Hlth, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Khang, Young-Ho:
Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea
Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea
Khoja, Abdullah T.:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.:
Simmons Coll, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Kisa, Adnan:
Kristiania Univ Coll, Dept Hlth Management & Hlth Econ, Oslo, Norway
Univ South Carolina, Dept Hlth Serv Policy & Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
Kisa, Sezer:
Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Nursing & Hlth Promot, Oslo, Norway
Kissoon, Niranjan:
Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Knibbs, Luke D.:
Univ Queensland, Sch Publ Hlth, Herston, Qld, Australia
Kochhar, Sonali:
Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Erasmus MC, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Koul, Parvaiz A.:
Sheri Kashmir Inst Med Sci, Dept Internal & Pulm Med, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Koyanagi A:
Catalan Inst Res & Adv Studies, Barcelona, Spain
Biomed Res Networking Ctr Mental Hlth Network, San Juan Dios Sanitary Pk, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate:
Univ Montreal, Dept Demog, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Univ Montreal, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Kumar, G. Anil:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Lal, Dharmesh Kumar:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India
Leshargie, Cheru Tesema:
Debre Markos Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Lewycka, Sonia:
Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford, England
Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Oxford Univ Clin Res Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
Li, Shanshan:
Monash Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Lodha, Rakesh:
All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Paediat, New Delhi, India
Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King:
Univ Philippines Manila, Dev & Commun Studies, Manila, Philippines
Harvard Univ, Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Majdan, Marek:
Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia
Mamun, Abdullah A.:
Univ Queensland, Social Sci Res Inst, Herston, Qld, Australia
Manguerra, Helena:
Reiner, Robert C
Mehta, Varshil:
SevenHills Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Melese, Addisu:
Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Memish, Ziad A.:
Minist Hlth, Res Dept, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hosp, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Med, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Meretoja, Tuomo J.:
Helsinki Univ Hosp, Breast Surg Unit, Helsinki, Finland
Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Mestrovic, Tomislav:
Dr Zora Profozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
Univ North, Univ Ctr Varazdin, Varazhdin, Croatia
Miazgowski, Bartosz:
Pomeranian Med Univ, Ctr Innovat Med Educ, Szczecin, Poland
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.:
Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Fac Gen Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Dis, Dept Atherosclerosis & Coronary Heart Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Moazen, Babak:
Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Mannheim, Germany
Frankfurt Univ Appl Sci, Res Inst Addict, Frankfurt, Germany
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin:
Salahaddin Univ, Dept Biol, Erbil, Iraq
ISHIK Univ, Erbil, Iraq
Mohammed, Shafiu:
Heidelberg Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Mannheim, Germany
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Hlth Syst & Policy Res Unit, Zaria, Nigeria
Monasta, Lorenzo:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Moore, Catrin E.:
Univ Oxford, Big Data Inst, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford, England
Morawska, Lidia:
Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Mosser, Jonathan F.:
Reiner, Robert C
Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Hlth Management & Econ, Tehran, Iran
Murthy, Srinivas:
Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Mustafa, Ghulam:
Nishtar Med Univ, Dept Pediat Med, Multan, Pakistan
Inst Mother & Child Care, Dept Pediat & Pediat Pulmonol, Multan, Pakistan
Nazari, Javad:
Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Pediat, Arak, Iran
Iranian Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran
Cuong Tat Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam
Long Hoang Nguyen:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Son Hoang Nguyen:
Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Nielsen, Katie R.:
Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Nisar, Muhammad Imran:
Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pediat & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan
Nixon, Molly R.:
Reiner, Robert C
Ogbo, Felix Akpojene:
Western Sydney Univ, Translat Hlth Res Inst, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Okoro, Anselm:
Soc Family Hlth Nigeria, Dept Res Measurement & Results, Abuja, Nigeria
Olagunju, Andrew T.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria
Olagunju, Tinuke O.:
McMaster Univ, Dept Pathol & Mol Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Oren, Eyal:
Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
Ortiz, Justin R.:
Univ Washington, Dept Global Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Maryland, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
Mahesh, P. A.:
Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Univ, Dept TB & Resp Med, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Pakhale, Smita:
Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Dept Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Postma, Maarten J.:
Univ Groningen, Dept Econ & Business, Groningen, Netherlands
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
Qorbani, Mostafa:
Alborz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Karaj, Iran
Quansah, Reginald:
Univ Ghana, Sch Publ Hlth, Accra, Ghana
Rafiei, Alireza:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Sari, Iran
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Mol & Cell Biol Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Rahim, Fakher:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Mol Cellular Sci Inst, Tehran, Iran
Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Res Ctr, Ahvaz, Iran
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sina Trauma & Surg Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Rai, Rajesh Kumar:
Soc Hlth & Demog Surveillance, Suri, India
Univ Gottingen, Dept Econ, Gottingen, Germany
Reitsma, Marissa Bettay:
Reiner, Robert C
Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Pediat Infect Dis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Rezapour, Aziz:
Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran
Jesus Rios-Blancas, Maria:
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Ronfani, Luca:
Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy
Rothenbacher, Dietrich:
Ulm Univ, Inst Epidemiol & Med Biometry, Ulm, Germany
Rubino, Salvatore:
Univ Sassari, Dept Biomed Sci, Sassari, Italy
Saleem, Zikria:
Rashid Latif Coll Pharm, Lahore, Pakistan
Sambala, Evanson Zondani:
South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Samy, Abdallah M.:
Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt
Milicevic, Milena M. Santric:
Univ Belgrade, Ctr Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Management, Belgrade, Serbia
Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo:
Univ Appl & Environm Sci, Dept Hlth & Soc, Fac Med, Bogota, Colombia
Sartorius, Benn:
Reiner, Robert C
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London, England
Savic, Miloje:
GSK Biol, Wavre, Belgium
Sawhney, Monika:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC USA
Saxena, Sonia:
Imperial Coll London, Sch Publ Hlth, London, England
Sbarra, Alyssa:
Reiner, Robert C
Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba:
Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Invas Fungi Res Ctr, Sari, Iran
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Ctr Expertise Microbiol, Tehran, Iran
Sheikh, Aziz:
Harvard Univ, Div Gen Internal Med & Primary Care, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Univ Edinburgh, Usher Inst Populat Hlth Sci & Informat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Shigematsu, Mika:
Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan
Smith, David L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.:
Int Med Univ, Div Community Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.:
Reiner, Robert C
Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale:
Ahmadu Bello Univ, Dept Community Med, Zaria, Nigeria
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani:
Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
King Saud Univ, Dept Pediat, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tessema, Belay:
Univ Gondar, Dept Med Microbiol, Gondar, Ethiopia
Bach Xuan Tran:
Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Khanh Bao Tran:
Univ Auckland, Mol Med & Pathol, Auckland, New Zealand
Mil Med Univ, Clin Hematol & Toxicol, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Ullah, Irfan:
Gomal Univ, Gomal Ctr Biochem & Biotechnol, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Mufti Mehmood Mem Teaching Hosp, TB Culture Lab, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Updike, Rachel L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani:
UKK Inst, Tampere, Finland
Veisani, Yousef:
Ilam Univ Med Sci, Psychosocial Injuries Res Ctr, Ilam, Iran
Wada, Fiseha Wadilo:
Wolaita Sodo Univ, Dept Med, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Microbial Cellular & Mol Biol, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Waheed, Yasir:
Fdn Univ, Fdn Univ Med Coll, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Welgan, Katie:
Reiner, Robert C
Wiens, Kirsten E.:
Reiner, Robert C
Wiysonge, Charles Shey:
South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Global Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Yimer, Ebrahim M.:
Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, Japan
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Hosp Setif, Dept Epidemiol, Setif, Algeria
Zar, Heather J.:
Univ Cape Town, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa
Lim, Stephen S.:
Reiner, Robert C
Vos, Theo:
Reiner, Robert C
Mokdad, Ali H.:
Reiner, Robert C
Murray, Christopher J. L.:
Reiner, Robert C
Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe:
Reiner, Robert C
Hay, Simon I.:
Reiner, Robert C
Green Published, Green Accepted, hybrid
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