Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Por:
Reitsma, Marissa B., Fullman, Nancy, Ng, Marie, Salama, Joseph S., Abajobir, Amanuel, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aleman, Alicia V., Ali, Raghib, Al Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amberbir, Alemayehu, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse Tadela, Azzopardi, Peter, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Bell, Brent, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Biryukov, Stan, Bolt, Kaylin, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Chen, Honglei, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Cornaby, Leslie, Dai, Xiaochen, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dimtsu, Balem Demtsu, Doyle, Kerrie E., Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fischer, Florian, Friedman, Joseph, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gall, Seana L., Gao, Wayne, Gillum, Richard F., Gold, Audra L., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hankey, Graeme, Harb, Hilda L., Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Islami, Farhad, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kasaeian, Amir, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef S., Khalil, Ibrahim, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Knibbs, Luke D., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A., Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi A, Krohn, Kristopher J., Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Chanda, Kumar, G. Anil, Leasher, Janet L., Lee, Alexander, Leinsalu, Mall, Li, Tong, Linn, Shai, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Shiwei, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lopez, Alan D., Ma, Stefan, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane, Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Morawska, Lidia, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagel, Gabriele, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Quyen Nguyen, Nguyen, Grant, Oh, In-Hwan, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Mahesh, P. A., Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Patil, Snehal T., Patton, George C., Pedro, Joao, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Refaat, Amany H., Reinig, Nickolas, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rodriguez, Alina, Roman, Yesenia, Roth, Gregory, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Salomon, Joshua, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar de Souza, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P., Schluger, Neil, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Shaikh, Masood Ali, She, Jun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silverberg, Jonathan I., Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Virendra, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B., Soshnikov, Sergey, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stein, Dan J., Stranges, Saverio, Subart, Michelle L., Swaminathan, Soumya, Szoeke, Cassandra E. I., Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Violante, Francesco Saverio, Vladimirov, Sergey K., Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wen, Chi-Pan, Werdecker, Andrea, Wilson, Shelley, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Lin, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Penpeng, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zipkin, Ben, Murray, Christopher J. L., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H. and Gakidou, Emmanuela
Publicada:
13 may 2017
Categoría:
Medicine (miscellaneous)
Resumen:
Background The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the
adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major
public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk
for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to
require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through
which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving
smoking-related targets can be assessed.
Methods We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian
process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by
sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to
2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of
smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by
disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort
analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand
temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis,
in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs
due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking
prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by
level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
Findings Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was
25.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.2-25.7) for men and 5.4%
(5.1-5.7) for women, representing 28.4% (25.8-31.1) and 34.4%
(29.4-38.6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage
of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of
decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and
2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases
in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and
Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015,
11.5% of global deaths (6.4 million [95% UI 5.7-7.0 million]) were
attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52.2% took place in four
countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among
the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories
in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts,
male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of
SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for
female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and
risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile,
population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove
rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI
geographies between 2005 and 2015.
Interpretation The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has
been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and
as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline
should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to
middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and
societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives
is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll,
unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be
substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is
possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately
implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global
and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been
achieved during the past 25 years.
Filiaciones:
Reitsma, Marissa B.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Fullman, Nancy:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Ng, Marie:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Salama, Joseph S.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Abajobir, Amanuel:
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Abate, Kalkidan Hassen:
Jimma Univ, Jimma, Ethiopia
Abbafati, Cristiana:
Univ Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Abera, Semaw Ferede:
Univ Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Abraham, Biju:
NMSM Govt Coll Kalpetta, Kalpetta, Kerala, India
Abyu, Gebre Yitayih:
Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi:
Univ Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Al-Aly, Ziyad:
Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA
Aleman, Alicia V.:
Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Ali, Raghib:
Univ Oxford, Oxford, England
Al Alkerwi, Ala'a:
Luxembourg Inst Hlth LIH, Strassen, Luxembourg
Allebeck, Peter:
Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Al-Raddadi, Rajaa Mohammad:
Minist Hlth, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Amare, Azmeraw T.:
Marshall Univ, Huntington, WV USA
Amberbir, Alemayehu:
Dignitas Int, Zomba, Malawi
Ammar, Walid:
Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Amrock, Stephen Marc:
Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.:
Univ Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Asayesh, Hamid:
Qom Univ Med Sci, Qom, Iran
Atnafu, Niguse Tadela:
Mizan Tepi Univ, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
PMA 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Azzopardi, Peter:
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
South Australian Hlth & Med Res Inst, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Banerjee, Amitava:
Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Barac, Aleksandra:
Univ Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh:
Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Basto-Abreu, Ana Cristina:
Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada
Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad:
Charles R Drew Univ Med & Sci, 1621 E 120th St, Los Angeles, CA 90059 USA
Bedi, Neeraj:
Coll Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Bell, Brent:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Bello, Aminu K.:
Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Bensenor, Isabela M.:
Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Beyene, Addisu Shunu:
Haramaya Univ, Harar, Ethiopia
Bhala, Neeraj:
Queen Elizabeth Hosp Birmingham, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Univ Otago, Sch Med, Otago, New Zealand
Biryukov, Stan:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Bolt, Kaylin:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Brenner, Hermann:
German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany
Butt, Zahid:
Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Cavalleri, Fiorella:
Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Cercy, Kelly:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Chen, Honglei:
Michigan State Univ, Lansing, MI USA
Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas:
Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Ciobanu, Liliana G.:
New York Med Coll, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
Colistro, Valentina:
Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Minist Salud Publ, Montevideo, Uruguay
Colomar, Mercedes:
UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay
Cornaby, Leslie:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Dai, Xiaochen:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Damtew, Solomon Abrha:
Wolaita Sodo Univ, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Univ Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Dandona, Lalit:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, New Delhi, India
Dandona, Rakhi:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Publ Hlth Fdn India, New Delhi, India
Dansereau, Emily:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Davletov, Kairat:
Republican Inst Cardiol & Internal Dis, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan
Kazakh Natl Med Univ, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan
Dayama, Anand:
All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India
Degfie, Tizta Tilahun:
African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya
Deribew, Amare:
Univ Oxford, Oxford, England
Dharmaratne, Samath D.:
Dignitas Int, Zomba, Malawi
Dimtsu, Balem Demtsu:
Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Doyle, Kerrie E.:
RMIT Univ, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Endries, Aman Yesuf:
Univ Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich:
Russian Acad Sci, Moscow, Russia
Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Moscow, Russia
Estep, Kara:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino:
Univ Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Dept Hlth, Manila, Philippines
Farzadfar, Farshad:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
Feigin, Valery L.:
Auckland Univ Technol, Auckland, New Zealand
Feigl, Andrea B.:
Harvard Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Fischer, Florian:
Univ Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
Friedman, Joseph:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde:
Jimma Univ, Jimma, Ethiopia
Gall, Seana L.:
Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
Gao, Wayne:
Taipei Med Univ, Taipei, Taiwan
Gillum, Richard F.:
Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA
Gold, Audra L.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Gopalani, Sameer Vali:
Govt Federated States Micronesia, Palikir, Micronesia
Gotay, Carolyn C.:
Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Gupta, Rahul:
West Virginia Dept Hlth Human Resources, Bur Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV USA
Gupta, Rajeev:
Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Gupta, Vipin:
Univ Delhi, Delhi, India
Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi:
Arabian Gulf Univ, Manama, Bahrain
Hankey, Graeme:
Univ Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Harry Perkins Inst Med Res, Nedlands, WA, Australia
Harb, Hilda L.:
Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon
Hay, Simon I.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Univ Oxford, Oxford, England
Horino, Masako:
Nevada Div Publ & Behav Hlth, Carson City, NV USA
Horita, Nobuyuki:
Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Med, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Hosgood, H. Dean:
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
Husseini, Abdullatif:
Birzeit Univ, Birzeit, Palestine
Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile:
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Islami, Farhad:
Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA USA
Jiang, Guohong:
Tianjin Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Tianjin, Peoples R China
Jiang, Ying:
Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Inst Ind Ecol Sci, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
Jonas, Jost B.:
Heidelberg Univ, Mannheim, Germany
Kabir, Zubair:
Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland
Kamal, Ritul:
Indian Inst Toxicol Res, CSIR, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kasaeian, Amir:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair:
Indian Inst Toxicol Res, CSIR, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Khader, Yousef S.:
Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan
Khalil, Ibrahim:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Khang, Young-Ho:
Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea
Khera, Sahil:
Northeastern Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Khubchandani, Jagdish:
Ball State Univ, Muncie, IN 47306 USA
Kim, Daniel:
Univ Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Kim, Yun Jin:
Southern Univ Coll, Skudai, Malaysia
Kimokoti, Ruth W.:
Simmons Coll, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Kinfu, Yohannes:
Univ Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Knibbs, Luke D.:
Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Kokubo, Yoshihiro:
Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Kolte, Dhaval:
Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA
Kopec, Jacek:
Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Kosen, Soewarta:
NIHRD, Hlth Policy & Humanities, Jakarta, Indonesia
Kotsakis, Georgios A.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Koul, Parvaiz A.:
Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Koyanagi A:
Parc Sanitari St Joan de Deu CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
Krohn, Kristopher J.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Krueger, Hans:
Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate:
BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bicer, Burcu Kucuk:
Hacettepe Univ, Ankara, Turkey
Kulkarni, Chanda:
Rajrajeswari Med Coll Hosp, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Kumar, G. Anil:
Publ Hlth Fdn India, Guragon, India
Leasher, Janet L.:
Nova Southeastern Univ, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA
Lee, Alexander:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Leinsalu, Mall:
Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia
Sodertorn Univ, Huddinge, Sweden
Li, Tong:
Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Linn, Shai:
Univ Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Liu, Patrick:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Liu, Shiwei:
Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China
Lopez, Alan D.:
UnionHlth Associates LLC, St Louis, MO USA
Alton Mental Hlth Ctr, Alton, IL USA
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Ma, Stefan:
Minist Hlth Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy:
Mansoura Fac Med, Mansoura, Egypt
Majeed, Azeem:
Imperial Coll London, London, England
Malekzadeh, Reza:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
Malta, Deborah Carvalho:
Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Manamo, Wondimu Ayele:
Univ Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Martinez-Raga, Jose:
Hosp Univ Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
CEU Cardinal Herrera Univ, Valencia, Spain
Mekonnen, Alemayehu Berhane:
Univ Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Mendoza, Walter:
United Nations Populat Fund, Lima, Peru
Miller, Ted R.:
Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA
Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, Australia
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin:
Univ Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
Morawska, Lidia:
Queensland Univ Technol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Musa, Kamarul Imran:
Univ Sci Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Nagel, Gabriele:
Univ Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Neupane, Sudan Prasad:
Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Quyen Nguyen:
Duy Tan Univ, Da Nang, Vietnam
Nguyen, Grant:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Oh, In-Hwan:
Kyung Hee Univ, Seoul, South Korea
Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel:
North West Univ, Mafikeng, South Africa
Pana, Adrian:
Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Park, Eun-Kee:
Kosin Univ, Busan, South Korea
Patil, Snehal T.:
Sch Dent Sci, Karad, India
Patton, George C.:
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Pedro, Joao:
Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Qorbani, Mostafa:
Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran
Rafay, Anwar:
Contech Int Hlth Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan
Contect Sch Publ Hlth, Lahore, Pakistan
Rahman, Mahfuzar:
St Pauls Hosp, Millenium Med Coll, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Addis Continental Inst Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Rai, Rajesh Kumar:
Soc Hlth & Demog Surveillance, Suri, India
Ram, Usha:
Int Inst Populat Sci, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal:
Yonsei Univ, Wonju, South Korea
Refaat, Amany H.:
Walden Univ, Minneapolis, MN USA
Suez Canal Univ, Ismailia, Egypt
Reinig, Nickolas:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Roba, Hirbo Shore:
Haramaya Univ, Harar, Ethiopia
Rodriguez, Alina:
Imperial Coll London, London, England
Lincoln Univ, Lincoln, England
Roman, Yesenia:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Roth, Gregory:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Univ Washington, Harborview Med Ctr, 325 9Th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
Roy, Ambuj:
All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India
Sagar, Rajesh:
All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India
Salomon, Joshua:
Harvard Univ, Boston, MA 02115 USA
Sanabria, Juan:
Marshall Univ, Huntington, WV USA
Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Santos, Itamar de Souza:
Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Sartorius, Benn:
Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
Satpathy, Maheswar:
All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India
Sawhney, Monika:
Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Sawyer, Susan:
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Saylan, Mete:
Bayer Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
Schaub, Michael P.:
Univ Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Schluger, Neil:
World Lung Assoc, New York, NY USA
North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth:
North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa
South African Med Res Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.:
Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran
Serdar, Berrin:
Univ Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
Shaikh, Masood Ali:
Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
She, Jun:
Fudan Univ, Shanghai, Peoples R China
Shin, Min-Jeong:
Korea Univ, Seoul, South Korea
Shiri, Rahman:
Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Shishani, Kawkab:
Washington State Univ, Spokane, WA USA
Shiue, Ivy:
Northumbria Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England
Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora:
Reykjavik Univ, Reykjavik, Iceland
Silverberg, Jonathan I.:
Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Singh, Jasvinder:
Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Singh, Virendra:
Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Slepak, Erica Leigh:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Soneji, Samir:
Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH USA
Soriano, Joan B.:
Univ Autonoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Soshnikov, Sergey:
Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Moscow, Russia
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.:
Int Med Univ, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Stein, Dan J.:
Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
South African Med Res Council, Unit Anxiety Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, South Africa
Stranges, Saverio:
Univ Warwick, Coventry, W Midlands, England
Subart, Michelle L.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Swaminathan, Soumya:
Indian Council Med Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Szoeke, Cassandra E. I.:
Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Tefera, Worku Mekonnen:
Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Bahir Dar Univ, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Topor-Madry, Roman:
Jagiellonian Univ, Coll Med, Krakow, Poland
Tran, Bach:
Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tsilimparis, Nikolaos:
Univ Heart Ctr Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Tymeson, Hayley:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna:
UCL, London, England
Updike, Rachel:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Uthman, Olalekan A.:
Univ Warwick, Coventry, W Midlands, England
Violante, Francesco Saverio:
Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Vladimirov, Sergey K.:
Fed Res Inst Hlth Org & Informat, Moscow, Russia
Vlassov, Vasiliy:
Natl Res Univ, Higher Sch Econ, Moscow, Russia
Vollset, Stein Emil:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Bergen, Norway
Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Vos, Theo:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Weiderpass, Elisabete:
Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden
Wen, Chi-Pan:
Natl Hlth Res Inst, Taipei, Taiwan
Werdecker, Andrea:
Fed Inst Populat Res, Wiesbaden, Germany
Wilson, Shelley:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Wubshet, Mamo:
Arba Minch Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Xiao, Lin:
Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
Yakob, Bereket:
Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
Yano, Yuichiro:
Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Ye, Penpeng:
Natl Ctr Chron & Noncommunicable Dis Control & Pr, Beijing, Peoples R China
Yonemoto, Naohiro:
Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan
Yoon, Seok-Jun:
Korea Univ, Seoul, South Korea
Younis, Mustafa Z.:
Jackson State Univ, Jackson, MS USA
Yu, Chuanhua:
Wuhan Univ, Wuhan, Peoples R China
Zaidi, Zoubida:
Univ Hosp, Setif, Algeria
Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed:
Mansoura Univ, Mansoura, Egypt
Zhang, Anthony Lin:
RMIT Univ, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
Zipkin, Ben:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Murray, Christopher J. L.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Gakidou, Emmanuela:
Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
Green Published, Green Accepted, Green Submitted, hybrid
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